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Although genetic vulnerability has been associated with a number of psychiatric conditions, little work has examined the genetic architecture underlying temperament or the genetic overlap between early temperament profiles and later mental health outcomes. The present study examined associations of polygenic scores for anxiety (PGS\u2010Anxiety) and ADHD (PGS\u2010ADHD) with temperament characteristics in a longitudinal sample of children assessed from infancy through age 7\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analyses were conducted in a sample of children (European Ancestry\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009476; Full Sample [European and other ancestries]\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009606).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed an age\u2010by\u2010PGS interaction on effortful control. As children aged, there appeared to be stronger negative associations between PGS\u2010ADHD and effortful control. No associations were observed between PGS\u2010Anxiety and negative affectivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the findings suggest some support for associations between genetic underpinnings for externalizing psychopathology and temperament that increase over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T18:52:41Z","timestamp":1741719161000},"page":"1155-1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The association between temperament and polygenic score for psychopathology from infancy to middle childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloise","family":"Freitag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Boston Children's Hospital  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard College  Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Kelsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Boston Children's Hospital  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Euclides Jos\u00e9","family":"de Mendon\u00e7a Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health Douglas Hospital Research Center  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Pokhvisneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health Douglas Hospital Research Center  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health Douglas Hospital Research Center  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8626-2519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia Pelufo","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health Douglas Hospital Research Center  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Bosquet Enlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Boston Children's Hospital  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Boston Children's Hospital  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education  Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10196-014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-013-9881-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.27887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.704785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.4.957"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2013.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2011.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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