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This longitudinal study aimed to examine how prenatal ozone exposure interacts with psychosocial environments at 9\u201310\u2009years to affect adolescent limbic system development, cognition, and psychotic\u2010like experiences (PLEs) at 11\u201313\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed data from 6,778 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study\u00ae at two time points (baseline: 9\u201310\u2009years and 2\u2010year follow\u2010up). Prenatal ozone exposure was calculated as a 9\u2010month average of daily exposure estimates based on birth year and address. Social environmental factors included school environment and neighborhood safety at both time points. Structural MRI measures included bilateral amygdala and hippocampus volumes at both time points. Behavioral data consisted of cognition and PLEs scores at both time points. Moderation and moderated mediation models with cluster\u2010robust standard errors were constructed to examine the effects, controlling for covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children who were prenatally exposed to greater ozone and had a more unfavorable school environment exhibited a smaller increase in left hippocampal volume, leading to poorer cognition and more PLEs. Moreover, children who were prenatally exposed to greater ozone and lived in a more unsafe neighborhood had a larger increase in right amygdala volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This longitudinal study is the first to demonstrate the combined effects of prenatal ozone pollutant and adverse social environments in childhood on youth psychotic\u2010like experiences and cognition, highlighting the limbic system as an important neural mechanism underlying the effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:57:11Z","timestamp":1743037031000},"page":"1551-1562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Combined effects of prenatal ozone exposure and school\/neighborhood environments on youth brain, cognition, and psychotic\u2010like experiences"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Tianjiao","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7612-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2018.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"5274","article-title":"Complex trajectories of brain development in the healthy human fetus","volume":"27","author":"Andescavage N.N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2007.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-019-00252-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02281.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Blair G.(2021).estimatr: Fast estimators for design\u2010based inference. 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