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One promising avenue is to consider whether child\u2013parent similarity contributes to a protective family environment. For instance, investigations of the similarity\u2013fit hypothesis have shown that parent\u2013child attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait similarity is associated with more favourable parent or child ratings of parenting and parent\u2013child interaction. However, very little similarity\u2013fit research has focused on autism, and none to date has investigated whether parent\u2013child trait similarity is more broadly predictive of children's outcomes beyond parent\u2013child interaction. We assessed whether parent\u2013child autism and ADHD trait similarity predicted children's social functioning and psychological well\u2010being in early childhood in a family history cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analytic sample comprised 222 children (45.5% female) and their parents from a longitudinal family history (autism and\/or ADHD) cohort. A novel parent\u2013child trait similarity measure was computed for autism and ADHD traits in each parent\u2013child pair, and robust hierarchical regression was used to assess whether mother\u2013child and father\u2013child autism and ADHD similarity predicted children's social functioning and psychological well\u2010being at age 3\u2009years, after accounting for the main effects of parent and child traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mother\u2013child autism trait similarity positively predicted both social functioning and psychological well\u2010being in children, while mother\u2013child ADHD trait similarity positively predicted children's social functioning (but not well\u2010being). Furthermore, father\u2013child autism trait similarity positively predicted children's social functioning, though it fell just short of statistical significance in outlier\u2010robust regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that parent\u2013child neurodevelopmental trait similarity may act as a protective or promotive factor for children's early social functioning and psychological well\u2010being. Further work is warranted to determine whether there are similar effects in later childhood and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying similarity\u2013fit effects on children's outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T06:28:16Z","timestamp":1752301696000},"page":"1818-1828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Parent\u2013child similarity on autism and\n                    <scp>ADHD<\/scp>\n                    traits and children's social functioning and psychological well\u2010being at 3\u2009years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Wechsler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5747-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J. H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Pasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessel","family":"Bazelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannath","family":"Begum\u2010Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-2585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark H.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The BASIS\/STAARS Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010024\u201006479\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103780"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson A.C. 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Doctoral dissertation. University of Manitoba. Available from:https:\/\/mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca\/items\/9b4c8edb\u2010fc72\u20104718\u2010b7f8\u201078af31928b8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2780"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176350366"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3605-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2064-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpp.70014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T16:54:51Z","timestamp":1763484891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcpp.70014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcpp.70014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.70014","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}