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We investigated associations between maternal warmth and negativity towards twin offspring at age 10, and subsequent mental health outcomes in early and late adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Environmental Risk (E\u2010Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study is a population\u2010based cohort of 2,232 same\u2010sex twins born in 1994\u20131995 across England and Wales. Maternal warmth and negativity were assessed from Five\u2010Minute Speech Samples obtained when twins were aged 10. Continuous mental health outcomes were assessed in interviews with twins at ages 12 (depression, anxiety, attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder) and 18 (general psychopathology, internalising, externalising and thought disorder). Linear regressions were conducted on 1906 participants with available data and adjusted for sex, family socioeconomic status, and age\u20105 emotional and behavioural problems. We then conducted a monozygotic twin\u2010difference analysis to control for unmeasured shared environmental and genetic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lower maternal warmth and higher maternal negativity were associated with worse mental health outcomes at ages 12 and 18. For example, when comparing differences in mothers' expressed emotions and mental health outcomes within monozygotic twin pairs, higher negativity remained associated with externalising symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.77, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.68 to 2.86,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.14) and poorer general psychopathology (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.82, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.63 to 3.01,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.13), and lower warmth with externalising symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22121.96, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22123.54 to \u22120.37,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212.11). These associations remained after adjusting for twin\u2010differences in age\u20105 emotional and behavioural problems and birth weight. Null findings were more frequently observed for maternal warmth and internalising outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a genetically sensitive design to approach causal inference, we found evidence for associations between maternal warmth\/negativity and adolescent mental health outcomes. Maternal expressed emotion ratings might provide an early opportunity to identify families who would benefit from interventions and mental health disorder prevention programmes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:01:12Z","timestamp":1755129672000},"page":"92-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maternal expressions of warmth and negativity and adolescent mental health: using longitudinal monozygotic twin\u2010difference analyses to approach causal inference"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7402-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Wickersham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAMHS Digital Lab, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avshalom","family":"Caspi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"PROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Arseneault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrie E.","family":"Moffitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"PROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8061-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAMHS Digital Lab, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; 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Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Thymia  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zo\u00eb","family":"Firth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAMHS Digital Lab, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Wertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4174-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen L.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; 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