{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:11:27Z","timestamp":1787904687493,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006715","name":"Stiftelsen Solstickan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001858","name":"VINNOVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Challenges in adaptive or daily functioning are inherent to diagnostic criteria for neurodevelopmental conditions (NDCs). However, less is known regarding the influence of factors that may confound the association between NDCs and adaptive functioning. Therefore, we examined the associations between different NDCs and adaptive functioning while adjusting for co\u2010occurring conditions, genetics, and shared environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used a co\u2010twin control study design in a sample of Swedish twins (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009314, age range 8\u201321\u2009years), including both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. Adaptive function was assessed using the parent\u2010rated Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, second edition. A generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was fitted, using NDC diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention\u2010Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Intellectual Disability (ID), as well as other psychiatric conditions, as exposure and adaptive functioning as the outcome. The model was first fitted across twin pairs and subsequently within the twin pairs, thus adjusting for genetic and shared environmental influences. Interaction effects of age and sex by different NDCs on adaptive functioning were assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All forms of NDCs were independently associated with challenges in adaptive function across pairs. The co\u2010occurrence of multiple NDCs was associated with adaptive functioning, with a greater number of NDCs being associated with more functioning challenges. Higher age was associated with more challenges in adaptive functioning among autistic individuals. In the within\u2010pair models, the association remained for autism and ID, but the association between ADHD and adaptive functioning was lost in the MZ sub\u2010sample when adjusting fully for all genetic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NDCs are associated with challenges in adaptive function, even when adjusting for other psychiatric conditions, stressing the importance of adequate community support. Findings indicate the importance of non\u2010shared environmental factors for understanding the challenges in adaptive function experienced by individuals with autism and ID and genetic factors for individuals with ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T04:19:16Z","timestamp":1762316356000},"page":"777-787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neurodevelopmental conditions and adaptive functioning \u2013 a co\u2010twin control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1033-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Isaksson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medical Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet &amp; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippa","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medical Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl Lundin","family":"Remn\u00e9lius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet &amp; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa H.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet &amp; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Community and Clinical Health School of Allied Health, Human Services &amp; Sport, La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"B\u00f6lte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet &amp; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health Curtin University  Perth WA Australia"},{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319852831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1020-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2352-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221136444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241228896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15865"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2014.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01201-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.3028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.1329"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211036809"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15377903.2014.979384"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00462-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2007.00944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0476-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1698-3_223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.10.4.604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1444087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-022-00487-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic interview for ADHD in adults 2.0 (DIVA 2.0). 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