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Understanding these dose\u2013response patterns can clarify the pathways through which PCIT produces change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a sample of 204 child welfare families with young children, we examined the dose\u2013response relationship between each PCIT phase and key intervention outcomes of positive and negative parenting skills and disruptive child behavior problems. We also used sequential mediation models to test time\u2010ordered intervention dosage effects (i.e., number of CDI sessions completed and subsequent number of PDI sessions completed) on the parent and child outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sequential mediation models showed that the PCIT intervention exerted significant indirect effects on increased positive parenting skills and decreased negative parenting behaviors and child behavior problems through higher dosage of relationship\u2010enhancing CDI sessions followed by higher dosage of safe discipline\u2010focused PDI sessions. Further, CDI dosage interacted with PDI dosage to predict greater gains in positive parenting skills outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results contribute new insights into the pathways through which PCIT shapes outcomes in a sample of child welfare\u2010involved families. Findings also highlight the significant unique contribution that limit\u2010setting\u2010oriented PDI, a relatively understudied phase of PCIT, plays in enhancing positive parenting skills and mitigating child behavior problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T07:33:02Z","timestamp":1770190382000},"page":"1224-1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of parent\u2013child interaction therapy dosage on child and parent outcomes: differentiating child\u2010directed interaction and parent\u2010directed interaction session impacts in child welfare\u2010involved families"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental\/Behavioral Pediatrics The University of Oklahoma of Health Sciences Center  Oklahoma City OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia P.","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oregon  Eugene OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Bard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental\/Behavioral Pediatrics The University of Oklahoma of Health Sciences Center  Oklahoma City OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adon F. 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