{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:15:49Z","timestamp":1788308149820,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution has been implicated in adverse neurodevelopment, but evidence from large\u2010scale, long\u2010term studies in Asian populations remains limited. We examined the association between in utero exposure to multiple air pollutants and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in offspring using a nationwide cohort in South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study using linked administrative health and environmental data. A total of 1,436,685 children born between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, were identified from the National Health Insurance Service database and followed up through December 31, 2023. Maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), sulfur dioxide (SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and particulate matter \u226410\u2009\u03bcm (PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was estimated by linking residential postal codes to fixed\u2010site monitoring data. NDD diagnoses were identified from healthcare claims. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for maternal sociodemographic, medical, obstetric, and neonatal covariates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During up to 13\u2009years of follow\u2010up, 140,971 children (9.8%) were diagnosed with an NDD. Prenatal exposure to NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      showed the strongest association: each 0.01\u2010ppm increase was associated with an 18% higher hazard of NDD (aHR 1.18, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.19;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure also demonstrated a small but statistically significant association (per 0.001\u2010ppm increase: aHR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.02;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.008). These associations persisted across major NDD subtypes \u2013 including intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, and behavioral or emotional disorders \u2013 and remained robust in trimester\u2010specific, stratified, and sensitivity analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants \u2013 particularly NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2013 is associated with increased long\u2010term risk of NDD in offspring. These findings highlight the neurodevelopmental vulnerability of the prenatal period and underscore the need for strengthened environmental policies to reduce maternal exposure to harmful pollutants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T12:21:23Z","timestamp":1768393283000},"page":"1053-1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A\u00a0nationwide population\u2010based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Tak Kyu","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital  Seongnam South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7814-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u2010Ae","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital  Seongnam South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"16","author":"Ahmad S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0135-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19742-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2014.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Associations of air pollution on the brain in children: A brain imaging study","volume":"2022","author":"Guxens M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research Report. 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