{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:16:51Z","timestamp":1783567011235,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS\u20102020\u2010053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS\u20102020\u2010053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004828","name":"Grand Challenges Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Saving Brains # 0066\u201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Saving Brains # 0066\u201003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B574100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B574100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Violence exposure is a well\u2010established risk factor for adolescent conduct problems, yet longitudinal research in high\u2010adversity, low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs) remains limited. This study investigated whether early adolescent violence exposure predicts concurrent and longer\u2010term conduct problems, and explored potential bidirectional associations and sex differences in a peri\u2010urban South African community with high rates of poverty and violence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were drawn from the Thula Sana birth cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009357; 51.5% female), a longitudinal intervention study in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Adolescents were assessed at early (ages 12\u201314) and late adolescence (ages 16\u201319). Violence exposure was measured using adolescent self\u2010report. Conduct problems were measured using adolescent and caregiver report in early adolescence and adolescent self\u2010report in late adolescence. Multiple linear regressions tested cross\u2010sectional associations, and cross\u2010lagged panel models examined longitudinal and bidirectional associations, adjusting for contextual adversity and intervention status. Missing data were addressed using multiple imputation, and findings were confirmed through sensitivity analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Violence exposure was associated with higher concurrent conduct problems in early adolescence (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.15\u2013.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01) and predicted higher conduct problems in late adolescence (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.12\u2013.14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). The reverse pathway, from conduct problems to subsequent violence exposure, was not significant (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.08\u2013.11,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009.05). Interaction analyses did not provide evidence that associations differed by sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Violence exposure in early adolescence represents a prospective risk factor for conduct problems in a high\u2010adversity South African setting. Findings highlight the importance of early, contextually grounded violence prevention and the need for further research to test sex\u2010specific pathways and inform the development of gender\u2010responsive intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T11:17:57Z","timestamp":1770808677000},"page":"1244-1253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal associations between violence exposure and adolescent conduct problems in a high\u2010adversity, South African setting"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7928-8105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Swingler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Policy and Intervention University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2904-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Policy and Intervention University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Institute of Population Research Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3178-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis E.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefani","family":"du Toit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Skeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8418-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Policy and Intervention University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5846-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Queens University  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school\u2010age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Child's exposure to violence checklist. 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