{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:21:57Z","timestamp":1789276917589,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["339646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["339646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010125","name":"Jalmari ja Rauha Ahokkaan S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\u201006592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\u201006592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental incarceration (PI) is associated with mental and behavioral problems in offspring, but causality remains unclear. We conducted a quasi\u2010experimental within\u2010individual study on the associations of PI with offspring psychiatric disorders, suicidal behavior, risk\u2010taking, and substance misuse events, aiming to test the effect of PI on offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 43,011 and 5,912 individuals born in Sweden 1973\u20132010 and exposed to paternal or maternal incarceration, respectively, between ages 10 and 30. Using data from nationwide registers available until the end of 2020, we examined associations between PI and offspring time\u2010varying events in a longitudinal within\u2010individual design to control for time\u2010invariant confounding. We further studied potential moderation effects in within\u2010individual models by offspring sex, family living arrangements, age, and other factors. For comparison, we conducted corresponding between\u2010individual analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, no clear within\u2010individual associations between paternal or maternal incarceration and offspring events were observed (HRs 0.99\u20131.08 and 0.82\u20131.03, respectively), but in a sensitivity analysis, the first recorded exposure to PI was associated with a slightly increased risk of some events (HRs 1.08\u20131.10). Regarding moderation effects, preliminary evidence suggested that child\u2013father coresiding, paternal offending type, and exposure age slightly moderated the within\u2010individual associations for certain outcomes. Statistically significant associations were found in all between\u2010individual models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The elevated rates of mental and behavioral problems among offspring exposed to PI are unlikely to be due to a direct impact of PI, but an impact may exist under certain circumstances. These findings can help in targeting support to this vulnerable group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T04:18:07Z","timestamp":1775794687000},"page":"1476-1487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parental incarceration and psychiatric disorders, suicidal behavior, risk\u2010taking, and substance misuse events in offspring: A longitudinal within\u2010individual study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2487-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"J\u00e4rvinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy University of Helsinki  Helsinki 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