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However, associations of CU traits with broader psychosocial characteristics are not well understood, particularly in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine developmental and psychosocial profiles of pre\u2010school children according to their levels of CU traits and conduct problems (CPs) in a large, population\u2010based cohort from southern Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort includes 4,275 children followed from birth. At age 4\u2009years, CU traits and CP were assessed via parent\u2010report questionnaires, and 19 other psychosocial characteristics were examined mostly in task\u2010based assessments regarding: neurodevelopment, language, executive functioning, emotion recognition, theory of mind, social information processing and empathy\/prosocial behaviours. These 19 psychosocial characteristics were compared across four groups of children with varying levels of CU\/CP, and regression models were used to test for independent associations with CU traits and CP, adjusting for sociodemographic factors at birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At age 4\u2009years, 14.8% of children had elevated CU traits only, 14.2% had CP only, and 16.3% had both high CU\u2009+\u2009CP. Compared to children without CU traits or CP, children with higher CU traits had poorer performance across multiple domains of development, including language, motor development, emotion recognition and prosocial behaviour. In contrast, children with CP\u2010only showed more circumscribed deficits, mainly in self\u2010control and emotional functioning. In regression analyses, CU traits were associated with broader neurodevelopmental impairments, whereas CP was more specifically linked to behaviour regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated CU traits in early childhood are associated with broad developmental difficulties, whereas CPs relate more specifically to emotional and self\u2010regulation challenges. These findings underscore the need for holistic approaches to understanding early manifestations of CU traits and interventions in the context of CP behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:45:27Z","timestamp":1778917527000},"page":"1639-1648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conduct problems and callous\u2010unemotional traits in pre\u2010schoolers: Psychosocial profiles in a Brazilian birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4074-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana Rodrigues","family":"Perrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"},{"name":"Human Development and Violence Research Centre 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