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This is an area that remains understudied despite evidence linking PAE, particularly heavy PAE, to poor sleep in younger children and the growing recognition of harms associated with low levels of PAE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 10,336 adolescents (aged 12\u201313) from the fourth assessment wave of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Cross\u2010sectional generalised linear mixed models and generalised additive mixed models were used to assess the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure, conceptualised as the presence or absence of PAE, total drinks consumed during pregnancy (i.e. dose) and patterns of PAE (i.e. abstainers, light reducing, light stable, heavy reducing), on parent\u2010reported adolescent sleep disturbances, while controlling for important birth related, environmental and medical factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents with any PAE experienced worse overall parent\u2010reported sleep disturbances compared to those without, with sleep\u2013wake transitions, excessive somnolence and sleep breathing being the domains most impacted. There was limited support for a dose\u2013response relationship between low\u2010level PAE and sleep problems in adolescence. However, those with a pattern of PAE before knowledge of pregnancy, compared to abstainers, experienced greater problems with sleep\u2013wake transitions and sleep breathing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings contribute to the growing evidence that there are no safe levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, as even low to moderate PAE negatively impacts adolescent sleep. Identifying sleep\u2013wake transitions, excessive somnolence and sleep breathing as the most affected domains provides targets for both screening and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:19:58Z","timestamp":1779373198000},"page":"1680-1691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between prenatal alcohol exposure and parent\u2010reported sleep disturbances in 10,336 adolescents: an Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8110-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma K.","family":"Devine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ReJoyce","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Visontay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hollie","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Riches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola C.","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay M.","family":"Squeglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Mewton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lexine A.","family":"Stapinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2023.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Bates D. 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