{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:57:24Z","timestamp":1791449844728,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SPHSU19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPHSU19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00022\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00022\/4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR208343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR208343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/X015033\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X015033\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outdoor play may offer developmental opportunities that support good mental health. Cross\u2010sectional data indicate that more outdoor play is associated with better mental health, particularly internalising problems (e.g. anxiety and depression), but longitudinal research is lacking. We used a longitudinal cohort dataset to evaluate whether outdoor play at 2\u20134\u2009years predicted children's mental health trajectories into middle childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were from the Growing up in Scotland dataset. Parents\/caregivers were asked how many days their child had played outside over the previous week when children were aged ~2, 3 and 4\u2009years. When the children were aged ~4, 5, 6 and 8\u2009years, parents\/caregivers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire measure of child mental health. We used growth mixture modelling (GMM) to identify trajectories over time for internalising and externalising symptoms separately. Next, we used multilevel multinomial regression to evaluate whether early outdoor play predicted trajectory classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The analysis sample included 4,151 children. A three\u2010class solution was optimal for internalising and externalising symptoms. The three trajectory groups differed on both symptom level at age 4 and slope as follows: normative (low with stable trajectory); increasing (moderate with increasing trajectory); decreasing (high with decreasing trajectory). After controlling for covariates, outdoor play significantly predicted trajectory class; children who played outdoors more often as preschoolers had significantly decreased odds (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) of belonging to the increasing or decreasing trajectory groups, relative to the normative group, for internalising (increasing: OR\u2009=\u20090.92, decreasing: OR\u2009=\u20090.88) and externalising (increasing: OR\u2009=\u20090.94, decreasing: OR\u2009=\u20090.94) symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study uses nationally representative longitudinal data and provides the first evidence that early outdoor play predicts mental health trajectories across childhood. A key limitation is reliance on parent\u2010report measures. The findings indicate that increasing outdoor play may be a useful public health approach to reduce child mental health problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T07:01:27Z","timestamp":1780902087000},"page":"1820-1830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early outdoor play predicts trajectories of child mental health in a population\u2010based cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1446-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen F.","family":"Dodd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Cordwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Hesketh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science and Health Department University College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avril","family":"Johnstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"de la Torre\u2010Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"McCrorie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"About GUS. (n.d.).Growing Up in Scotland. Available from:https:\/\/growingupinscotland.org.uk\/about\u2010gus[last accessed 19 June 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25772-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Growing Up in Scotland Sweep 1 \u2013 2005: User guide","author":"Bradshaw P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.709516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control (CDC). (2025).Data and statistics on children's mental health[Data set]. CDC. Available from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/children\u2010mental\u2010health\/data\u2010research\/index.html[Accessed 2nd April 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2016.1245600"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.8.1385"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.43.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716640757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2024-0155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-020-00338-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-022-01363-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10812-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2018.1466041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2014.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Future Minds. (2025).Why investing in children's mental health will unlock economic growth. Centre for Mental Health. Available from:https:\/\/www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Future\u2010Minds\u2010Report\u20102025\u2010WEB.pdf[Accessed 2nd April 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Global Mind Project. (2025).Mental state of the world in 2024. Available from:https:\/\/mentalstateoftheworld.report\/2024_read\u2010en\/[Accessed 2nd April 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9434-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Goodman R.(2011).Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire[Data set].https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t00540\u2010000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21594937.2022.2152531"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13504622.2021.1896679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01294-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14733285.2016.1140126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.10.24317061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-013629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"NHS England Digital. (2023).Mental Health of Children and Young People in England 2023\u2014Wave 4 follow up to the 2017 survey. Available from:https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data\u2010and\u2010information\/publications\/statistical\/mental\u2010health\u2010of\u2010children\u2010and\u2010young\u2010people\u2010in\u2010england\/2023\u2010wave\u20104\u2010follow\u2010up[last accessed 20 March 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13019-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0116-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116821"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491100900212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effects of mental health problems in childhood and adolescence in young adults: Results of the KiGGS cohort","volume":"6","author":"Schlack R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Health Monitoring"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"Scotland's Census. (2022).Scotland's census. Available from:https:\/\/www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk\/[last accessed 19 June 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"Scottish Centre for Social Research. (2025).Growing Up in Scotland (Version 3rd Release) [Data set]. UK Data Service.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA\u2010SERIES\u2010200020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020. (2020).Available\u00a0from:https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/collections\/scottish\u2010index\u2010of\u2010multiple\u2010deprivation\u20102020\/[last accessed 19 June 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"Scottish Public Health Observatory. (2025).[Data set]. Available from:https:\/\/scotland.shinyapps.io\/ScotPHO_profiles_tool\/[Accessed 2nd April 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","volume-title":"Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years (Digit. pr)","author":"Sroufe A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2025).Rising mental health concerns among youth.StatsCANPlus. Available from:https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/o1\/en\/plus\/7642\u2010rising\u2010mental\u2010health\u2010concerns\u2010among\u2010youth[last accessed 19 June 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2019.101005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"UK Government. (2019).UK chief medical officers' physical activity guidelines. Available from:https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5d839543ed915d52428dc134\/uk\u2010chief\u2010medical\u2010officers\u2010physical\u2010activity\u2010guidelines.pdf[Accessed 2nd April 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198855903.013.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30092-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of early childhood development","author":"Wyver S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.08.022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpp.70175","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jcpp.70175","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpp.70175","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:42:54Z","timestamp":1791448974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcpp.70175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcpp.70175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.70175","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}