{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:58:53Z","timestamp":1785286733867,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101106261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101106261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["733206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["302438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Socioeconomic inequalities in children's emotional and behavioural problems are already present at school entry. We examined associations between early\u2010life socioeconomic conditions and children's externalising and internalising problems and assessed whether early\u2010life risk factors mediated these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed harmonised individual participant data from eight birth cohorts within the EU Child Cohort Network. Maternal educational level during pregnancy was used as an indicator of early\u2010life socioeconomic conditions (SECs). Scores of children's externalising and internalising problems around school entry age were used as the outcome variables. Inequalities were quantified using the Slope Index of Inequality which captures the difference in prevalence of problems between children from highest and lowest SECs. Mediation analysis was used to assess the mediating role of five early\u2010life risk factors: maternal smoking during pregnancy, gestational age, small for gestational age, postpartum depression and breastfeeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inequalities in externalising and internalising problems by SECs were consistent across cohorts: Children of mothers with low educational level had on average a 12 and 11 percentage point increased prevalence of externalising and internalising problems respectively. Early\u2010life factors explained around 8% (DNBC, Denmark) to 54% (INMA, Spain) of the inequality in externalising problems and 7% (ELFE, France) to 25% (ALSPAC, UK) in internalising problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children from lower SECs consistently had a higher prevalence of both externalising and internalising problems around school entry age. These inequalities were partly mediated by early\u2010life factors. Public health interventions in pregnancy and the preschool period are critical to address the early emergence of inequalities in children's mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:02:47Z","timestamp":1785283367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early\u2010life pathways to inequalities in child mental health: evidence from eight birth cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8908-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demetris","family":"Avraam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Cadman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennie","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health The University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Aline","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), French National Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Joint Unit Elfe  Aubervilliers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2174-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu Wei","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elhakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Escribano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Sant Joan Reus Hospital University Rovira i Virgili, IISPV  Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Grote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Paediatrics Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Site Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Gruszfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Department and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Children's Memorial Health Institute  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Guerlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Paediatrics Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Site Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae\u2010Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition &amp; Health Innovation Research Institute Edith Cowan University  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Ibarluzea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Unit Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute  Donostia\u2010San Sebasti\u00e1n Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Julvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Clinical and Epidemiological Neuroscience (Neuro\u00c8pia) Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV)  Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Koletzko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Paediatrics Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Site Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health The University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society La Trobe University  Melbourne Vic. 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