{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:52:52Z","timestamp":1791157972113,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH069942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH069942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irritability is a common and impairing, transdiagnostic feature of youth psychopathology. Theory distinguishes tonic irritability (persistent irritable mood) from phasic irritability (episodic temper outbursts), yet little is known about how these dimensions co\u2010develop across adolescence into young adulthood and relate to later psychiatric outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were drawn from a longitudinal community cohort assessed at ages 12, 15, 18, and 21 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009532 with data at one or more waves). Tonic and phasic irritability were derived from youth\u2010report items spanning multiple measures. We tested the factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance of tonic and phasic irritability, then modeled co\u2010development using parallel\u2010process latent growth curve models. Sociodemographic factors and parental lifetime psychopathology (assessed at age 9) were examined as predictors of growth factors. Growth factors were used to estimate associations with age\u201021 psychiatric diagnoses and self\u2010injurious thoughts and behaviors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A two\u2010factor model distinguishing tonic and phasic irritability fit better than a one\u2010factor model at each wave, and configural, metric, and scalar invariance were supported from ages 12 to 21. On average, tonic irritability increased modestly whereas phasic irritability declined. Despite divergent mean trajectories, tonic and phasic slopes were positively correlated, indicating coordinated change. Baseline tonic irritability predicted steeper declines in phasic irritability, whereas baseline phasic irritability did not predict change in tonic irritability. Higher tonic intercept and steeper tonic increases were associated with higher odds of depressive and anxiety disorders and suicidal ideation at age 21; tonic intercept also predicted suicidal acts, and tonic change additionally predicted non\u2010suicidal self\u2010injury. In contrast, higher phasic intercept predicted greater odds of disruptive behavior disorders but lower odds of depression, and steeper phasic decline was associated with greater odds of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tonic and phasic irritability are separable yet developmentally linked across adolescence into young adulthood and show distinct clinical correlates. Distinguishing persistent mood\u2010based irritability from outburst\u2010based irritability may refine developmental models of risk and intervention targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:41:01Z","timestamp":1791157261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental trajectories of tonic and phasic irritability from ages 12 to 21: early predictors, co\u2010development, and psychiatric outcomes in young\u00a0adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Jamilah","family":"Silver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qimin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6087-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rennaisance School of Medicine Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rennaisance School of Medicine Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-044941","article-title":"Irritability in children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Brotman M.A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12020268","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in preschoolers: Continuity from ages 3 to 6","volume":"169","author":"Bufferd S.J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.11.022","article-title":"Phasic versus tonic irritability: Differential associations with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms","volume":"60","author":"Cardinale E.M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Narrative review: Impairing emotional outbursts: What they are and what we should do about them","volume":"62","author":"Carlson G.A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497473","article-title":"The p factor: One general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders?","volume":"2","author":"Caspi A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-024-00512-4","article-title":"Irritability as a transdiagnostic construct across childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"28","author":"Chin M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole P.M. 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