{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:22:20Z","timestamp":1788877340336,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Diabetes Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims\/Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corneal confocal microscopy is a rapid, non\u2010invasive ophthalmic technique to identify subclinical neuropathy. The aim of this study was to quantify corneal nerve morphology in children with type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus compared with age\u2010matched healthy controls using corneal confocal microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 20 participants with type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus (age 14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02\u00a0years, diabetes duration 4.08\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.91\u00a0years, glycated hemoglobin 9.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.1%) without retinopathy or microalbuminuria and 20 healthy controls were recruited from outpatient clinics. Corneal confocal microscopy was undertaken, and corneal nerve fiber density (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), corneal nerve branch density (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), corneal nerve fiber length (mm\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), corneal nerve fiber tortuosity and inferior whorl length (mm\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) were quantified manually.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Corneal nerve fiber density (22.73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.84 vs 32.92\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.59;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), corneal nerve branch density (26.19\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.64 vs 47.34\u00a0\u00b1\u00a020.01;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), corneal nerve fiber length (13.26\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.06 vs 19.52\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.54;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and inferior whorl length (15.50\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.48 vs 23.42\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.94;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) were significantly lower, whereas corneal nerve fiber tortuosity (14.88\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.28 vs 13.52\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.01;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.323) did not differ between children with type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus and controls. Glycated hemoglobin correlated with corneal nerve fiber tortuosity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.006) and aspartate aminotransferase correlated with corneal nerve fiber density (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.039), corneal nerve branch density (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003) and corneal nerve fiber length (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.037).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corneal confocal microscopy identifies significant subclinical corneal nerve loss, especially in the inferior whorl of children with type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy or microalbuminuria.<\/jats:p>\n      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