{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T01:07:52Z","timestamp":1776474472423,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Diabetes Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The history of microencapsulation of live cells started with an idea of Thomas MS Chang in 1964, thereafter applied to isolated pancreatic islets by Anthony M Sun in 1980. The original aim was to provide isolated cells with an immune\u2010protective shield, to prevent physical contact between the transplanted cells and the host\u2019s immune system, with retention of the microcapsules\u2019 biocompatibility and physical\u2013chemical properties over time. In particular, this revolutionary approach essentially applied to islet grafts, in diabetic recipients who are not immunosuppressed, at a preclinical (rodents) and, subsequently, clinical level. Among the different chemistries potentially suitable for microencapsulation of live cells, alginic acid\u2010based polymers, originally proposed by Sun, proved to be superior to all others in the following decades. In fact, only alginic acid\u2010based microcapsules, containing allogeneic islets, ultimately entered pilot human clinical trials in patients with type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus, as immuno\u2010selectiveness and biocompatibility of alginic acid\u2010hydrogels were never matched by other biopolymers. With problems related to human islet procurement coming into a sharper focus, in conjunction with technical limits of the encapsulated islet grafting procedures, new challenges are actually being pursued, with special regard to developing both new cellular systems \u2013 able to release immunomodulatory molecules and insulin itself \u2013 and new microencapsulation methods, with the use of novel polymeric formulations, under actual scrutiny. The use of embryonic and adult stem cells, within microcapsules, should address the restricted availability of cadaveric human donor\u2010derived islets, whereas a new generation of newly\u2010engineered microcapsules could better fulfill issues with graft site and long\u2010term retention of biopolymer properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T00:49:43Z","timestamp":1595465383000},"page":"301-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Microencapsulation of cells and molecular therapy of type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus: The actual state and future perspectives between promise and progress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Basta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (MISEM) Department of Medicine 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