{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:49:35Z","timestamp":1789915775668,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Diabetes Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims\/Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The early pathological changes of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are mainly small nerve fiber injuries. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is an easy, rapid, non\u2010invasive and repeatable technique to detect the damage of small nerve fibers. The purpose of this study was to explore the application of CCM in DPN and other chronic complications of type\u00a02 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 220 individuals (48 normal healthy control participants and 172 patients with type\u00a02 diabetes mellitus) were included in the study. All participants were assessed and scored for neurological symptoms and neurological deficits, quantitative sensory test, neuroelectrophysiological test, and CCM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Corneal nerve fiber density, corneal nerve fiber length and corneal nerve branch density were significantly reduced in patients with type\u00a02 diabetes mellitus compared with normal healthy control subjects (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, respectively). In the DPN group, corneal nerve fiber density, corneal nerve branch density and corneal nerve fiber length were significantly lower than for patients without DPN (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the optimal cut\u2010off values were 24.68, 39 and 15.315, respectively, in which corneal nerve fiber density and corneal nerve fiber length had moderate sensitivity and specificity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides more support for the clinical use of CCM to diagnose type\u00a02 diabetes mellitus\u2010related complications, especially DPN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T21:12:46Z","timestamp":1596489166000},"page":"574-582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Diagnostic utility of corneal confocal microscopy in type\u00a02 diabetic peripheral neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1021-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meijian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Qilu Hospital Shandong University Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of School of Biological &amp; Chemical Engineering Qingdao Technical College Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Qilu Hospital Shandong University Ji\u2019nan Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound Qilu Hospital Shandong University Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7670-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Qilu Hospital Shandong University Ji\u2019nan Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinguo","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Qilu Hospital Shandong University Ji\u2019nan Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2222"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00618-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-014-0473-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2016.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0630"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5065-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05085-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000601"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15919"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy: a focus on small fibres","volume":"12","author":"Malik RA","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4653-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400697"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182749419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2573642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13787"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0352"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23107-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12806"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03299.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123517"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2733"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05023-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjdi.13381","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jdi.13381","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jdi.13381","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jdi.13381","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T01:06:18Z","timestamp":1693616778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jdi.13381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jdi.13381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdi.13381","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-1116","2040-1124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-1116","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-1124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}