{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:10:24Z","timestamp":1792188624504,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006738","name":"Medicinska Fakulteten, Lunds Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009780","name":"Region Sk\u00e5ne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Diabetes Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims\/Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 (GLP\u20101) are important incretin hormones. They are released from the gut after meal ingestion and potentiate glucose\u2010stimulated insulin secretion. Their release after meal ingestion and oral glucose are well established and have been characterized previously. During recent years, knowledge of other regulatory aspects that potentially may affect GIP and GLP\u20101 secretion after meal ingestion have also begun to emerge. Here, the results of human studies on these novel aspects of meal\u2010 and nutrient\u2010stimulated incretin hormone secretion are reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The human literature was revisited by identifying articles in PubMed using key words GIP, GLP\u20101, secretion, meal, and nutrients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results show that all macronutrients individually stimulate GIP and GLP\u20101 secretion. However, there was no synergistic action when given in combination. A pre\u2010load 30\u2009min before a meal augments the GIP and GLP\u20101 response. GIP and GLP\u20101 secretion have a diurnal variation with a higher response to an identical meal in the morning than in the afternoon. There is no difference in GIP and GLP\u20101 secretion whether a meal is ingested slowly or rapidly. GIP and GLP\u20101 secretion after dinner are the same whether or not breakfast and lunch have been ingested. The temperature of the food may be of importance for the incretin hormone response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These novel findings have increased our knowledge on the regulation of the complexity of the incretin system and are also important knowledge when designing future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T22:52:18Z","timestamp":1671576738000},"page":"354-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 secretion in humans: Characteristics and regulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wathik","family":"Alsalim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9804-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Ahr\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Lund 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