{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:25:56Z","timestamp":1747185956609,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Diabetes Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims\/Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoantibodies to pancreatic islet antigens identify young children at high risk of type 1 diabetes. On a background of genetic susceptibility, islet autoimmunity is thought to be driven by environmental factors, of which enteric viruses are prime candidates. We sought evidence for enteric pathology in children genetically at\u2010risk for type 1 diabetes followed from birth who had developed islet autoantibodies (\u201cseroconverted\u201d), by measuring mucosa\u2010associated cytokines in their sera.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sera were collected 3 monthly from birth from children with a first\u2010degree type 1 diabetes relative, in the Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) study. Children who seroconverted were matched for sex, age, and sample availability with seronegative children. Luminex xMap technology was used to measure serum cytokines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of eight children who seroconverted, for whom serum samples were available at least 6\u2009months before and after seroconversion, the serum concentrations of mucosa\u2010associated cytokines IL\u201021, IL\u201022, IL\u201025, and IL\u201010, the Th17\u2010related cytokines IL\u201017F and IL\u201023, as well as IL\u201033, IFN\u2010\u03b3, and IL\u20104, peaked from a low baseline in seven around the time of seroconversion and in one preceding seroconversion. These changes were not detected in eight sex\u2010 and age\u2010matched seronegative controls, or in a separate cohort of 11 unmatched seronegative children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cohort of children at risk for type 1 diabetes followed from birth, a transient, systemic increase in mucosa\u2010associated cytokines around the time of seroconversion lends support to the view that mucosal infection, e.g., by an enteric virus, may drive the development of islet autoimmunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T04:47:54Z","timestamp":1686718074000},"page":"1092-1100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A surge in serum mucosal cytokines associated with seroconversion in children at risk for type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2500-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard C","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Bandala\u2010Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1057-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Oakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School 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