{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T15:01:10Z","timestamp":1775833270750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Diabetes Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to delineate the effect of hyperglycemia on the Alu\/LINE\u20101 hypomethylation and in ERK1\/2 genes expression in type 2 diabetes with and without cataract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included 58 diabetic patients without cataracts, 50 diabetic patients with cataracts, and 36 healthy controls. After DNA extraction and bisulfite treatment, LINE\u20101 and Alu methylation levels were assessed using Real\u2010time MSP. ERK1\/2 gene expression was analyzed through real\u2010time PCR. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were measured using colorimetric methods. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS23, setting the significance level at <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The TAC levels were significantly lower for cataract and diabetic groups than controls (259.31\u2009\u00b1\u2009122.99, 312.43\u2009\u00b1\u2009145.46, 372.58\u2009\u00b1\u2009132.95 nanomole of Trolox equivalent) with a significant correlation between FPG and TAC levels in both the cataract and diabetic groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Alu and LINE\u20101 sequences were found to be statistically hypomethylated in diabetic and cataract patients compared to controls. In these groups, TAC levels were directly correlated with Alu methylation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) but not LINE\u20101. ERK1\/2 gene expression was significantly higher in diabetic and cataract patients, showing increases of 2.41\u2010fold and 1.43\u2010fold for ERK1, and 1.27\u2010fold and 1.5 for ERK2, respectively. ERK1 expression correlated significantly with FPG levels. A reverse correlation was observed between TAC levels and ERK1\/2 expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that hyperglycemia\u2010induced oxidative stress may alter ERK1\/2 gene expression patterns and induce aberrant hypomethylation in Alu and LINE\u20101 sequences. These aberrant changes may play a contributing role in diabetic complications such as cataracts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T14:52:30Z","timestamp":1736779950000},"page":"689-706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["ERK1\/2 gene expression and hypomethylation of Alu and LINE1 elements in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without cataract: Impact of hyperglycemia\u2010induced oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Zeinali Nia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences Islamic Azad University Damghan Branch  Damghan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1785-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruhollah","family":"Najjar 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