{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T11:40:05Z","timestamp":1749814805775,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023JJ30181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Diabetes Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Executive functions (EFs) are important for the Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) self\u2010care perspective. This study aimed to investigate whether patients with T1DM have poorer EFs than healthy controls (HCs) and whether there are differences in EFs between childhood\u2010onset and adult\u2010onset T1DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included 94, 110, and 100 participants with childhood\u2010onset and adult\u2010onset T1DM and HCs, respectively. All participants completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to assess EFs. The Chinese version of the WAIS and BDI\u2010II were performed to determine IQ and emotion in all participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The childhood\u2010onset group made lower scores of WCST total errors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015), perseverative errors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038) than the HC group, and the adult\u2010onset group made lower scores of WCST total errors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025) than the HC group. In the diabetes group, after controlling diabetes duration, the childhood\u2010onset group made significantly higher scores of WCST total errors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040), perseverative errors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038), and non\u2010perseverative errors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013). In the childhood\u2010onset group, perseverative errors were significantly associated with duration of T1DM (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.24, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22122.34, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021), and\u00a0the history of severe hypoglycemia affects the non\u2010perseverative errors(<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.26, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22122.55, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>T1DM is associated with EF decrements, and there are differences in EFs between childhood\u2010onset and adult\u2010onset T1DM. These findings indicate that we should consider detecting and intervening in EF deficits in the T1DM population according to the age of onset.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T13:21:25Z","timestamp":1741699285000},"page":"945-951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Executive function deficits in adults with childhood\u2010onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: Evidence from Wisconsin card sorting test performance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9838-3959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hunan First Normal University  Changsha Hunan China"},{"name":"Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University  Changsha Hunan 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China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University  Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University  Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0568-9719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiongzhao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University  Changsha Hunan China"},{"name":"Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University  Changsha Hunan 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