{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T19:24:50Z","timestamp":1785093890685,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,28]],"date-time":"2013-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003958","name":"Dutch Technology Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Onychomycosis is worldwide the most prevalent infection of the nail. It is mainly caused by the dermatophytes <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic> and to a lesser extent <jats:italic>Trichophyton tonsurans<\/jats:italic>. The yeast <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> and the mould <jats:italic>Scopulariopsis brevicaulis<\/jats:italic> can also cause onychomycosis. Management of these nail conditions may require appropriate treatment methods and therefore the identification of the causative species can be of importance. However, the determination of agents causing onychomycosis is still not optimal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To detect and differentiate causative organisms of onychomycosis in an <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> nail model by means of Raman spectroscopy. The work focusses is on the discriminative power of Raman spectroscopy for detection of differences between <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> T. mentagrophytus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. tonsurans<\/jats:italic> on human nail and distinguishing these dermatophytic from the non\u2010dermatophytic species <jats:italic>S. brevicaulis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Raman spectra (200\/sample) were taken from 50\u2010\u03bcm human nail slices infected with <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> T. mentagrophytus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> T. tonsurans, S. brevicaulis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> using a 2500 High\u2010Performance Raman Module and 785\u2010nm diode laser. Processed spectra were analysed by sorting the correlation matrix and presented as dendrogram and heat map. Raman spectra from suspended dermatophytic microconidia were taken for mutual comparisons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spectral differences between the dermatophytes <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> T. mentagrophytus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. tonsurans<\/jats:italic> (635\u2013795, 840\u2013894, 1018\u20131112, 1206\u20131372, 1566\u20131700\/cm) and the non\u2010dermatophytes <jats:italic>S. brevicaulis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> (442\u2013610, 692\u2013758, 866\u2013914, 1020\u20131100, 1138\u20131380,1492\u20131602\/cm) growing on nail were confirmed by clustering correlation showing two main clusters. Dissimilarities between tested dermatophytes were also found with <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic> being most different. Raman spectra of the dermatophytic microconidia varied over the whole tested 400\u20131800\/cm range.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Important dermatophytic and non\u2010dermatophytic agents of onychomycosis growing on <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> human nail can be distinguished specifically and non\u2010invasively by Raman spectroscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,28]],"date-time":"2013-11-28T13:11:03Z","timestamp":1385644263000},"page":"1492-1499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Detection and differentiation of causative organisms of onychomycosis in an <i>ex vivo<\/i> nail model by means of Raman spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"T. G.","family":"Smijs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy Department of Radiotherapy Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"Jachtenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Charles University Pilsen Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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