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We explore the biological features of this hair type, and discuss the different methods employed to straighten afro\u2010textured hair, focusing in particular on chemical straightening. We also examine clinical, anthropological, and psychological issues associated with this latter practice. Examples of common scalp pathologies associated with chronic hair relaxing, such as alopecia, hair breakage, caustic burns and irritant contact dermatitis, are also highlighted. The data presented herein should enable clinicians to engage in culturally appropriate discussions with their patients about issues of appearance and conformity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,12]],"date-time":"2015-03-12T10:21:02Z","timestamp":1426155662000},"page":"1689-1695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinical and anthropological perspectives on chemical relaxing of afro\u2010textured hair"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"S.A.","family":"Aryiku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust Nottingham Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.E.","family":"Dadzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology and Histopathology The North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Northwick Park Hospital Harrow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.G.","family":"Jablonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03453.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330390103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330390104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/0003-5548\/2011\/0119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1324-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Skin: A Natural History","author":"Jablonski NG","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"769","article-title":"Caucasian hair, Negro hair and wool: similarities and differences","volume":"17","author":"Menkart J","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Soc Cosmet Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10892.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06521.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02799.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"African\u2010American hair: its physical properties and differences relative to Caucasian hair","volume":"110","author":"Syed A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cosmet Toil"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.107958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02800.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"Hair Relaxers Science, Design and Application","author":"Obukowho P","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Comparing the irritation potential of lye and no\u2010lye relaxers","volume":"115","author":"Syed AN","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cosmet Toil"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration.A Division of the Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services and Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology at Oregon Health & Science University. \u201cKeratin\u2010based\u201d hair smoothing products and the presence of formaldehyde. 2010. 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