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Other disease associations include iron store abnormalities, Plummer\u2013Vinson Syndrome, nutritional deficiencies and occupational or traumatic aetiologies. In young children, koilonychia of the toenails is commonly transient and idiopathic, although familial and syndromic cases are reported. The dermatologist must be aware of the potential cutaneous and systemic associations with koilonychia in order to guide appropriate workup, treatment and\/or referral. An algorithm for evaluation of koilonychia is presented along with discussion of common causes of koilonychia and a comprehensive list of all known associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T08:13:15Z","timestamp":1471421595000},"page":"1985-1991","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Koilonychia: an update on pathophysiology, differential diagnosis and clinical relevance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nail Disease Centre Dermatology Cannes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology Allegheny Health Network Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Jellinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Dermatology Professionals, Inc. 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