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They are present in the epidermis and the pilosebaceous apparatus and monitor the cutaneous environment for changes in homeostasis. During embryogenesis, a wave of yolk sac macrophages seed the fetal skin. Then, fetal liver monocytes largely replace the yolk sac macrophages and comprise the majority of adult <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s. In the presence of skin irritation, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s process antigen and travel to regional lymph nodes to present antigen to reactive T lymphocytes. Changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s' surface markers during the journey occur under the influence of cytokines. The difference in expression of surface markers and the ability to resist radiation have allowed researchers to differentiate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s from the murine Langerin\u2010positive dermal dendritic cells. Exciting discoveries have been made recently regarding their role in inflammatory skin diseases, cancer and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>. New research has shown that antibodies blocking <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>1a appear to mitigate inflammation in contact hypersensitivity reactions and psoriasis. While it has been established that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s have the potential to induce effector cells of the adaptive immune system to counter oncogenesis, recent studies have demonstrated that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s coordinate with natural killer cells to impair development of squamous cell carcinoma caused by chemical carcinogens. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s may also physiologically suppress T cells and permit keratinocyte transformation and tumorigenesis. Although long known to play a primary role in the progression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, it is now understood that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s also possess the ability to restrict the progression of the disease. There is a pressing need to discover more about how these cells affect various aspects of health and disease; new information gathered thus far seems promising and exciting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]],"date-time":"2017-08-17T16:22:45Z","timestamp":1502986965000},"page":"1817-1824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Langerhans cell: exciting developments in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"D.H.","family":"Atmatzidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Pathology Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.C.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Pathology Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School Newark NJ 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