{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T05:56:36Z","timestamp":1773381396432,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]],"date-time":"2018-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Raynaud's phenomenon (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RP<\/jats:styled-content>) is a functional vascular disorder involving extremities. In his practice, the dermatologist may frequently encounter <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RP<\/jats:styled-content> which affects mainly women and is categorized into a primary benign form and a secondary form associated with different diseases (infections, drugs, autoimmune and vascular conditions, haematologic, rheumatologic and endocrinologic disorders). Still today, the differential diagnosis is a clinical challenge. Therefore, a careful history and a physical examination, together with laboratory tests and nailfold capillaroscopy, is mandatory. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RP<\/jats:styled-content> is generally benign, but a scheduled follow\u2010up for primary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RP<\/jats:styled-content> patients should be established, due to risk of evolution to secondary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RP<\/jats:styled-content>. A combination of conservative measures and medications can help in the management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RP<\/jats:styled-content>. The importance of avoiding all potential physical, chemical and emotional triggers, as well as quitting smoking, should be strongly suggested to the patient. As first\u2010line treatment, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers should be used. If this approach is not sufficient, prostacyclin derivatives, phosphodiesterases inhibitors and endothelin receptor antagonists can be considered as second\u2010line treatment. In cases of acute ischaemia, nifedipine and intravenous prostanoids are helpful. In refractory cases, botulinum injections have shown a significant benefit. The approach to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RP<\/jats:styled-content> patients requires therefore a coordinated care of specialists together with the primary care physician.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T06:31:53Z","timestamp":1520404313000},"page":"1120-1127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The role of the dermatologist in Raynaud's phenomenon: a clinical challenge"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Matucci\u2010Cerinic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic \u2013 ASF Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Nagaraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Rheumatology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Prignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic \u2013 ASF Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kahaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Rheumatology University of Toledo Toledo USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bellando\u2010Randone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Florence Italy"},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine Division of Rheumatology AOUC Florence 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