{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:48:41Z","timestamp":1789152521664,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acne is a common skin condition in developed countries with western diets. The effect of milk on acne has been highly controversial. To examine the association between milk consumption and acne risk, we conducted a meta\u2010analysis of available data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We carried out comprehensive databases search of PubMed, Embase, Medline and Cochrane Library and identified four cohort studies and nine case\u2013control or cross\u2010sectional studies, including a total of 71 819 participants. We evaluated the pooled odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>) with its 95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses on acne severity, milk forms and milk intake levels were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with non\u2010consumers, the pooled <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> was 1.16 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.09\u20131.24) for overall milk consumers in all included studies, and 1.17 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.10\u20131.24) in cohort studies and 1.16 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.09\u20131.24) in case\u2013control or cross\u2010sectional studies. Subgroup analysis on milk forms determined a stronger association in skim milk consumers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 1.24, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.13\u20131.37) than in low\u2010fat consumers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 1.14, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.08\u20131.22) and full\u2010fat consumers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 1.13, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.05\u20131.21). The pooled <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> was greater for high intake level of milk (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 1.12, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.01\u20131.24) than medium intake level of milk (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 1.08, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.00\u20131.17). A subset study of moderate\u2010to\u2010severe acne also found a positive association with milk consumption (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.18, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.01\u20131.37), while no statistically significant association was found between mild acne risk and milk consumption (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.14, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.86\u20131.51).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This meta\u2010analysis provides evidence of a positive association between milk consumption and acne risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T08:31:54Z","timestamp":1533630714000},"page":"2244-2253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The effect of milk consumption on acne: a meta\u2010analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Ningbo First Hospital Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2634"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: review and guidelines","volume":"21","author":"Ramos\u2010E\u2010Silva M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12149"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701155"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/D377B9S0Z8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.08.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-12-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of personal, familial, and environmental characteristics on acne vulgaris: a prospective, multicenter, case controlled study from Turkey","volume":"153","author":"Karada\u011f AS","year":"2018","journal-title":"G Ital Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.02.1220"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"Ottawa Hosp Res Inst.The Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta\u2010analyses.2014. 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