{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:16:20Z","timestamp":1790046980126,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human microbiome is a wide range of microorganisms residing in and on our body. The homeostasis between host immune system and the microbial environment allows mutual benefits and protection. Physiological bacterial colonization is essential for the establishment of organism immunity. The human microbiota ecosystem can be divided into several compartments, out of which intestinal flora strongly affects our health and plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. The gastrointestinal tract, being a major guardian of the immune system, maintains the homeostasis with the commensal microorganisms by tolerating the typical flora antigens. The dysbiosis may trigger an inflammatory response followed by tissue damage or autoimmune processes. The gut microbiome alterations are linked to the pathogenesis of the allergic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, metabolic, neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Moreover, there is increasing evidence connecting the skin condition with the gastrointestinal microbiome, which has been described as the skin\u2013gut axis. The aim of this study was to review the literature regarding the role of the gut microbiome alterations in the pathogenesis of selected allergic and inflammatory skin diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,14]],"date-time":"2019-09-14T14:29:01Z","timestamp":1568471341000},"page":"455-464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["The gut microbiome alterations in allergic and inflammatory skin diseases \u2013 an update"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Polkowska\u2010Pruszy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology Medical University of Lublin Lublin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gerkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology Medical University of Lublin Lublin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Krasowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology Medical University of Lublin Lublin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/61257"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12652"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-015-0332-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0216"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4081095"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.042143-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0167-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061067"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00432"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-269514"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0528-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-018-1874-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i24.2978"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the clinical practice","volume":"17","author":"Gabrielli M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12456"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2017.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01459"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0500-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is probiotic use beneficial for skin lesions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease?","volume":"19","author":"Satta R","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5314\/wjd.v6.i4.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053867"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","first-page":"511","article-title":"Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria maintains cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure","volume":"16","author":"Gu\u00e9niche AG","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.10.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807993"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44385"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159539"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9424"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i23.5415"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.02.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12549"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.12.1584"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.033217"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-015-0540-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13806"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153038"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-018-9376-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13463"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13786"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22125-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14647"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600633529"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13797"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14953"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074937"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.6012-6026.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38892"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0407-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019231"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12149"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-3-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2012.0060"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Facts, fads and fancies in the treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"39","author":"Ereaux LP","year":"1938","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14586"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2968"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2015.53047"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9647-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051070"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19381980.2017.1361574"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.0704a08"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000241"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.07.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2016.2748"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13398"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14930"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_88_1","first-page":"418","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of rosacea: a prospective study with a three\u2010year follow\u2010up","volume":"152","author":"Agnoletti AF","year":"2017","journal-title":"G Ital Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13985"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614559262"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_92_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa: causes, features, and current treatments","volume":"11","author":"Vinkel C","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_93_1","first-page":"E90","article-title":"The role of nutrition in inflammatory pilosebaceous disorders: Implication of the skin\u2010gut axis","volume":"60","author":"Maarouf M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i20.4802"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw070"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1841"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2013.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059260"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0454-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01584"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096603"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e328332351b"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03904.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13634"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166026"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12646"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01905"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12844"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0084"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v60.32550"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3253-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3943"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph5070727"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13332"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_123_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Elevated fecal calprotectin levels are associated with severity of atopic dermatitis in children","volume":"36","author":"Seo S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12522"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000492130"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_99_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2018.1481504"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_129_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Alopecia areata in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an overview","volume":"56","author":"Sobolewska\u2010W\u0142odarczyk A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Med Cracov"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.2017.107"}],"container-title":["Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjdv.15951","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jdv.15951","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jdv.15951","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jdv.15951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:43:15Z","timestamp":1694047395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jdv.15951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jdv.15951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.15951","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-9959","1468-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-9959","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-03-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}