{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:03:34Z","timestamp":1789085014045,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vulvovaginal atrophy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VVA<\/jats:styled-content>) or genitourinary syndrome of menopause (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSM<\/jats:styled-content>) may affect up to 90% of menopausal women. Features include vulvovaginal atrophy, vulvovaginal laxity, vulvovaginal dryness and irritation, dyspareunia, anorgasmia and urinary symptoms. The vulva, vagina and bladder are oestrogen\u2010responsive tissues, but oestrogen replacement therapy is not possible in women who have hormone\u2010responsive cancers or normal oestrogen levels. Therefore, there is a role for alternative treatments. To date, three non\u2010surgical energy\u2010based therapies have been proposed: fractional microablative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser, erbium:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YAG<\/jats:styled-content> laser and temperature\u2010controlled radiofrequency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>). Our objective was to assess the available evidence for the safety and efficacy of erbium:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YAG<\/jats:styled-content> laser, microablative fractional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content> in the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VVA<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSM<\/jats:styled-content>. The authors reviewed the current published literature evaluating these therapies. All three therapies appear safe; however, all the studies were uncontrolled and used different protocols and outcome measurements. Therefore, comparison of treatments is difficult. It appears that there is more evidence in favour of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser than the erbium:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YAG<\/jats:styled-content> laser. Both lasers have more evidence than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content>. In conclusion, microablative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser, erbium:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YAG<\/jats:styled-content> laser and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RF<\/jats:styled-content> may be offered to patients suffering from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VVA<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSM<\/jats:styled-content> as an alternative or adjunct to conventional therapies. Further well\u2010conducted controlled studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T16:53:36Z","timestamp":1573577616000},"page":"716-726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Review of non\u2010invasive vulvovaginal rejuvenation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-3943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Photiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology The Alfred Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.P.","family":"Dubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Lenskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Khorasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2005.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-014-2464-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2014.946279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1446930"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2018.1563883"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0b013e318287342d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1529748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm5020050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The burden of vulvovaginal atrophy on women's daily living: implications on quality of life from a face\u2010to\u2010face real\u2010life survey","volume":"12","author":"Nappi RE","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S44579"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"WISDOM survey: attitudes and behaviors of physicians toward vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) treatment in women including those with breast cancer history","volume":"20","author":"Kingsberg SA","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12190"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2011.647840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2111-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","volume-title":"Last's Anatomy \u2013 Regional and Applied","author":"McMinn RMH","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000321042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2016.1212006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22637"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90710-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"667","article-title":"Cytologic and histologic observations on the sex hormone dependence of the vulva","volume":"30","author":"Nauth HF","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009262300278597"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00348-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2013.795683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1574752"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.00512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000955"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1436538"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2015.1045485"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22569"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause with Erbium:YAG laser: a prospective study of efficacy and safety of the treatment for women after menopause of natural origin and therapy\u2010induced menopause in breast cancer survivors","volume":"2016","author":"Bojanini JF","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Laser Health Acad"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2471-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jct.2017.85039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-016-4118-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Microablative fractional CO2 laser for vulvovaginal atrophy in women with a history of breast cancer","author":"Leone Roberti Maggiore U","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"The effect of vaginal erbium laser treatment on sexual function and vaginal health in women with a history of breast cancer and symptoms of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a prospective study","volume":"17","author":"Areas F","year":"2019","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2017.1319815"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.14-OR-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Short\u2010term effect of vaginal erbium laser on the genitourinary syndrome of menopause","volume":"67","author":"Gambacciani M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Vaginal erbium laser: the second generation thermotherapy for the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) in breast cancer survivors. A preliminary report of a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Gambacciani M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Laser Vaginal Tightening (LVT) \u2013 evaluation of a novel noninvasive laser treatment for vaginal relaxation syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Gaviria JE","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Laser Health Acad"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Up to 3\u2010year follow\u2010up of patients with vaginal relaxation syndrome participating in laser vaginal tightening","volume":"2016","author":"Gaviria JE","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Laser Health Acad"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2009.01265.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjy087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1677-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2014.899347"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000700"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S136857"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.18-OR-04"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.5301\/je.5000184","article-title":"Microablative fractional CO2 laser improves dyspareunia related to vulvovaginal atrophy: a pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Salvatore S","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endometr Pelvic Pain Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2293-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Efficacy of fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause in Latin\u2010American population: First Peruvian experience","volume":"19","author":"Tovar\u2010Huamani J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2014.975197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12765"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000839"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001206"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000558908.60309.79","article-title":"Vaginal CO2 laser versus topical estriol treatment for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 1\u2010year follow\u2010up [20P]","volume":"133","author":"Cruz VMD","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjy180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Non\u2010invasive radiofrequency tightening of the vagina in a sheep model","volume":"7","author":"Coad JE","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a novel radiofrequency device for vaginal treatment","volume":"32","author":"Caruth JC","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg Technol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12348"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22537"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.4123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01910.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","first-page":"342","article-title":"Dynamic quadripolar radiofrequency treatment of vaginal laxity\/menopausal vulvo\u2010vaginal atrophy: 12\u2010month efficacy and safety","volume":"69","author":"Vicariotto F","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2015.08.798"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-45082017ao4051"}],"container-title":["Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjdv.16066","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jdv.16066","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jdv.16066","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jdv.16066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T19:51:18Z","timestamp":1694029878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jdv.16066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jdv.16066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.16066","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-9959","1468-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-9959","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-10-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}