{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:35:55Z","timestamp":1789684555704,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kyrle's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD<\/jats:styled-content>) is a cutaneous disease that develops in individuals with underlying systemic disease, particularly chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>), and is associated with a high burden of disease linked to itch. The intensely pruritic, hyperkeratotic papulonodular rash seen in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD<\/jats:styled-content> dramatically impairs patients\u2019 quality of life and increases their risk of mortality. Unfortunately, no guidelines or evidence\u2010based regimens have been specifically developed for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD<\/jats:styled-content>, making the treatment of this disease particularly challenging for physicians. This article aims to provide the first comprehensive, up\u2010to\u2010date overview and analysis of treatment options employed for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD<\/jats:styled-content>. A search of the PubMed\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content> and Scopus databases was performed for articles regarding the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD<\/jats:styled-content>, published in English between 1990 and 2019. Seventy\u2010three articles were identified, of which eighteen met the inclusion criteria. We discovered that a wide variety of treatment regimens for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD<\/jats:styled-content> have been reported in the literature, including oral antibiotics, immunosuppressants, phototherapy, topical\/systemic retinoids, topical keratolytics and various combination therapies, which include some of the aforementioned treatments, in conjunction with oral\/topical\/injectable steroids, emollients and\/or antihistamines. The use of a combination regimen is the most commonly practiced therapeutic approach to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD<\/jats:styled-content>. Topical corticosteroids and depot corticosteroid injections repeatedly appeared in many of the regimens encountered during our search. While no definitive recommendations can be made based on existing literature, this article provides physicians with a summative outline that can help guide management and be referenced when other treatment efforts fail. The increasing prevalence of renal disease, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> and other chronic diseases will inevitably lead to rising rates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD<\/jats:styled-content> in the upcoming years. While randomized controlled trials are greatly needed, novel antipruritic immunomodulatory drugs targeting specific interleukin receptors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104\/13\/31) and intracellular signalling (e.g.\u00a0Janus kinase) pathways may have a potential role in the treatment of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T06:55:52Z","timestamp":1578639352000},"page":"1457-1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The treatment of Kyrle's disease: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6485-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Forouzandeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Stratman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Yosipovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-198204000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Kyrle's disease: a cutaneous marker of renal disorder","volume":"62","author":"Joseph D","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"537","volume-title":"Dermatology in General Medicine","author":"Elisabeth CH","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1968.01610120023003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1968.01610120014002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2004.19.2.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl461"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Rice AS","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"US renal data system 2015 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease In the United States","volume":"67","author":"Saran R","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06176.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01540-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2237"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000155502320624249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1721727X1301100124"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-11490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962013000100012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13721"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13525"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.15026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"Kyrle's disease. 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