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The percentage of spirochete\u2010positive macrophages (22.34% vs. 70.93%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and spirochete internalization (MFI: 9.62 vs. 20.33, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) were notably reduced by silencing <jats:italic>Beclin1<\/jats:italic>. Inoculation of macrophage\u2013treponeme mixtures into rabbits showed a 3.00\u2010day delay in lesion development (17.55\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.73 vs. 14.55\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.99\u00a0days) and decreased lesion numbers [11 (36.7%) vs. 20 (66.7%) of 30; \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a05.406, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.020] in the control compared with the si\u2010<jats:italic>Beclin1<\/jats:italic> group. Furthermore, silencing <jats:italic>NLRP3<\/jats:italic> decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Beclin\u20101 and LC3B [mRNA: 49.86% and 43.02%; protein: 22.31% and 24.24%, respectively, differing significantly from the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001)] and reduced the percentage of spirochete\u2010positive macrophages (30.29% vs. 70.53%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and spirochete internalization (MFI: 9.82 vs. 19.33, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> induces autophagy in macrophages to promote phagocytosis and clearance. The NLRP3 inflammasome modulates autophagy and phagocytosis <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. These data may be useful for understanding the host\u2013pathogen relationship and establish the groundwork for strategies to combat syphilis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T18:49:09Z","timestamp":1586976549000},"page":"2111-2119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Autophagy promotes phagocytosis and clearance of <i>Treponema pallidum<\/i> via the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"S.\u2010L.","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Laboratory Zhongshan Hospital School of Medicine Xiamen University Xiamen China"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease School of Medicine Xiamen University Xiamen 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