{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:16:22Z","timestamp":1791994582471,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) are common autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBD) characterized by blisters and erosions. Treatment options are limited and often insufficient. Immune checkpoint receptors play critical roles in immune homoeostasis and self\u2010 tolerance. Targeting checkpoint receptors is highly efficient in treatment of various cancers, but often also associated with autoimmune side effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We therefore aimed to investigate the expression of immune checkpoint receptors in patients with BP and PV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed expression of the checkpoint receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD\u20101), T\u2010cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim\u20103) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (Lag\u20103) in lesional skin of patients with BP and PV compared to healthy control skin as well as the expression patterns of PD\u20101 and Tim\u20103 on various infiltrating immune cells in skin sections of AIBD by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. We also measured serum levels of soluble PD\u20101, Tim\u20103 and Lag\u20103 in AIBD patients by ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report on increased expression of PD\u20101 and Tim\u20103, but not Lag\u20103, in lesional skin of patients with BP and PV. Investigating the expression pattern of PD\u20101 and Tim\u20103 on different cutaneous immune cells, we observed significant upregulation of PD\u20101 predominantly on infiltrating CD8 T cells and upregulation of Tim\u20103 on CD8 T cells as well as macrophages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest exploring immune checkpoint receptors as novel therapeutic targets using an agonistic approach in autoimmune bullous diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T05:16:08Z","timestamp":1593407768000},"page":"486-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Expression of PD\u20101 and Tim\u20103 is increased in skin of patients with bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3248-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Infections Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Bieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kasperkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luebeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.D.","family":"Sadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin 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Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany"},{"name":"Division of Allergy Department of Dermatology University of Basel Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel 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