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Its deficiency is associated with dry skin and increased surface pH. Studies on childhood environmental exposures and associations with NMF levels are scarce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate previous exposures and genetic factors and their associations with NMF levels in young children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a case\u2010control study nested in a prospective birth cohort (Odense Child Cohort), 169 healthy controls (HC) and 99 children with AD were included consecutively at the age of 7\u2009years based on previous responses from questionnaires administered at 18\u2009months, 3\u2009years and 5\u2009years, pertaining to past medical history, including allergy\u2010specific questions. NMF levels were measured via a stratum corneum tape\u2010stripping technique, genotyping for filaggrin (<jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic>) gene variants was performed and data on external exposures, including usage of moisturizer and topical steroids, antibiotics and early pet exposures, were obtained from questionnaires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Natural moisturizing factors levels were significantly lower in AD participants compared to HC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This significance persisted after stratifying for AD subgroups of <jats:italic>present<\/jats:italic> AD, <jats:italic>current<\/jats:italic> AD during the last year and <jats:italic>previous<\/jats:italic> AD (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009 respectively). There was a significant association between NMF and <jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic> genotype (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002 for HC, AD respectively). NMF levels were negatively correlated with early age moisturizer use (&lt;18\u2009months, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) in HC but not significant in AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found decreased levels of NMF with early moisturizer use and a genetic influence of the <jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic> variant on these levels. NMF was decreased in the AD subgroup with <jats:italic>previous<\/jats:italic> AD compared with HC, which could suggest the persistence of a Th<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> cytokine milieu suppressing these levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T13:10:14Z","timestamp":1636290614000},"page":"255-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Natural moisturizing factors in children with and without eczema: Associations with lifestyle and genetic factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1914-2610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.N.","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Research Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Open Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN) Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.G.","family":"Mortz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA) Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.K.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Open Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN) Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Barington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Research Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Halken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00914.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.12.989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.04.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14801"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1396-0296.2004.04S1005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2395"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14568"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000247298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2013.789881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-040-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"SchoenfeldD.Statistical considerations for a study of the effect of one variable on another: Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center;2010. 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