{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T04:38:52Z","timestamp":1792471132425,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovationsfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023331","name":"LEO Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006286","name":"Kongelig Hofbuntmager Aage Bangs Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is mainly driven by type 2 inflammation and often treated with topical agents. Studies comparing differences in biomarkers between these treatments are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of topical betamethasone 17\u2010valerate 0.1% and tacrolimus 0.1% ointment on skin barrier function and inflammatory biomarkers in skin and blood in adults with AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this randomized parallel\u2010group double\u2010blind double\u2010dummy active\u2010comparator study design, 36 adults with AD were treated with either whole\u2010body topical corticosteroid (betamethasone ointment 0.1% plus placebo once daily, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200918) or calcineurin inhibitor (tacrolimus ointment 0.1% twice daily, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200918). At baseline, after 2\u2009weeks of daily treatment and after further 4\u2009weeks of twice\u2010weekly maintenance treatment, we evaluated AD severity, levels of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) and cytokines in the skin and blood and characterized circulating T cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean AD severity at baseline corresponded to moderate disease and decreased significantly in both groups. Levels of NMF increased significantly in the tacrolimus group after 2\u2009weeks of treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and tended to increase more than betamethasone at week 6 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.06). Most skin cytokines decreased with both treatments. However, IL\u20108, IL\u201018, IL\u201022, IP\u201010, MDC, MMP\u20109 and TARC were significantly more decreased with betamethasone than tacrolimus after 2\u2009weeks, while after 6\u2009weeks this was only the case for IL\u20108 and MMP\u20109. Approximate half of the systemic cytokines decreased significantly with both treatments, but betamethasone decreased MDC significantly more after 2\u2009weeks of treatment. T\u2010cell characterization analyses indicated slight differences in the expression and activation of T cells between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Topical treatment of AD with betamethasone and tacrolimus ointment effectively reduced disease severity, cutaneous and systemic inflammatory markers. Betamethasone was more effective in decreasing inflammation, but tacrolimus improved skin hydration (NMF levels) more than betamethasone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T12:44:53Z","timestamp":1722343493000},"page":"308-321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Skin and systemic inflammation in adults with atopic dermatitis before and after whole\u2010body topical betamethasone 17\u2010valerate 0.1% or tacrolimus 0.1% treatment: A randomized controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2332-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise","family":"Gether","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev\u2010Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen  Hellerup Denmark"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Herlev\u2010Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen  Hellerup Denmark"},{"name":"LEO Pharma A\/S  Ballerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9716-572X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena P. I","family":"Linares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev\u2010Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen  Hellerup Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Kezic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivone","family":"Jakasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology University of Zagreb  Zagreb 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