{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:15:41Z","timestamp":1792134941263,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011318","name":"Fondation Botnar","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012331","name":"LEO Fondet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition associated with significant impairment of quality of life and potential risk of malignant transformation. However, diagnosis of VLS is often delayed due to its variable clinical presentation and shame\u2010related late consultation. Machine learning (ML)\u2010trained image recognition software could potentially facilitate early diagnosis of VLS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a ML\u2010trained image\u2010based model for the detection of VLS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Images of both VLS and non\u2010VLS anogenital skin were collected, anonymized, and selected. In the VLS images, 10 typical skin signs (whitening, hyperkeratosis, purpura\/ecchymosis, erosion\/ulcers\/excoriation, erythema, labial fusion, narrowing of the introitus, labia minora resorption, posterior commissure (fourchette) band formation and atrophic shiny skin) were manually labelled. A deep convolutional neural network was built using the training set as input data and then evaluated using the test set, where the developed algorithm was run three times and the results were then averaged.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 684 VLS images and 403 non\u2010VLS images (70% healthy vulva and 30% with other vulvar diseases) were included after the selection process. A deep learning algorithm was developed by training on 775 images (469 VLS and 306 non\u2010VLS) and testing on 312 images (215 VLS and 97 non\u2010VLS). This algorithm performed accurately in discriminating between VLS and non\u2010VLS cases (including healthy individuals and non\u2010VLS dermatoses), with mean values of 0.94, 0.99 and 0.95 for recall, precision and accuracy, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This pilot project demonstrated that our image\u2010based deep learning model can effectively\u00a0discriminate between VLS and non\u2010VLS skin, representing a promising tool for future use by clinicians and possibly patients. However, prospective studies are needed to validate the applicability and accuracy of our model in a real\u2010world setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T13:06:01Z","timestamp":1724850361000},"page":"2280-2285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<scp>AI<\/scp>\u2010powered visual diagnosis of vulvar lichen sclerosus: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gottfrois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Basel  Allschwil Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-6747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Steiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5980-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovic","family":"Amruthalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Basel  Allschwil Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre B.","family":"Kind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology University Hospital of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Heinzelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology University Hospital of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology University Hospital of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Navarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0200-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon M.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","article-title":"Vulvar lichen Sclerosus from pathophysiology to therapeutic approaches: evidence and prospects","volume":"9","author":"Corazza M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Lichen Sclerosus\u2010presentation, diagnosis and management","volume":"113","author":"Kirtschig G","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14773"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7480754"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.0643"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2018.77236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1682500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/795624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Detection and quantification of hand eczema by visible Spectrum skin pattern analysis","volume":"263","author":"Suter C","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell Appl"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226826"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"HeK ZhangX RenS SunJ.Deep residual learning for image recognition. CoRR.2015;abs\/1512.03385."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000534"}],"container-title":["Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jdv.20306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T09:46:30Z","timestamp":1732527990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jdv.20306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jdv.20306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.20306","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-9959","1468-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-9959","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}