{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:10:37Z","timestamp":1785510637754,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AR077629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AR077629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD; aka eczema), affecting 10\u201320% of the paediatric population, has been linked to neuropsychological conditions and cognitive functioning, prompting this study to explore executive functions (EF) as a potential mechanism due to its role in high\u2010level thinking, decision making, and behavioural control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine how early childhood AD impacts middle\u2010childhood EF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our longitudinal study involved 11,373 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a United Kingdom birth cohort for whom parent\u2010reported AD activity and severity were measured at \u22652 time points between 6\u2009months and 81\u2009months of age. Latent class mixed modelling was used to classify children into 5 distinct early childhood AD trajectories: unaffected\/rare (62.90%), early onset resolving AD (1.09%), persistent mild AD (31.35%), persistent moderate\u2010to\u2010severe AD (0.93%), and worsening AD (3.74%). Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the AD trajectories and three components of executive function\u2014attention, inhibition, and working memory\u2014measured between 8 and 11\u2009years old, adjusting for covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across all EF measures, no statistically significant associations were observed with AD trajectories or cross\u2010sectional AD status at 81\u2009months. Specifically, selective attention at age 8 showed no significant associations for \u201cearly onset resolving AD\u201d (\u22120.04 [\u22120.38, 0.31], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.83), \u201cworsening AD\u201d (0.05 [\u22120.14, 0.22], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.60), \u201cpersistent mild AD\u201d (\u22120.03 [\u22120.10, 0.05], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.49), or \u201cpersistent moderate\u2010to\u2010severe AD\u201d (0.02 [\u22120.31, 0.35], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.69), with similar results for all other executive functions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our null findings suggest early childhood AD does not significantly affect middle\u2010childhood EF in a population mostly consisting of milder AD cases. Future studies focusing on children with severe AD and longitudinal research at other developmental stages are needed to clarify the AD\u2010neurocognitive function relationship.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T08:14:52Z","timestamp":1747815292000},"page":"1600-1611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Atopic dermatitis and executive function across early and middle childhood \u2013 A longitudinal cohort study of children in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6088-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elle","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland 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