{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:06:16Z","timestamp":1790366776259,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) encompasses a spectrum of skin manifestations that may occur as an isolated dermatological condition or in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review provides an updated synthesis of current knowledge on CLE, including its classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and diagnostic strategy. It will discuss recent advances in pathogenesis, particularly the central role of type I interferons and interferon\u2010producing cells. Diagnostic evaluation involves clinical assessment, histopathology and immunological testing, with specific focus on CLE mimickers. In recent years, validated tools such as the Cutaneous Lupus Area and Severity Index (CLASI) have facilitated standardized assessment in clinical trials. Management of CLE requires a multifaceted approach incorporating general measures, topical therapies, antimalarials, systemic immunosuppressants and emerging biologics. Treatment should be tailored based on CLE subtype, severity, scarring risk and the presence or absence of systemic involvement. Antimalarials, particularly hydroxychloroquine, remain the cornerstone of systemic therapy. Second\u2010line or third\u2010line agents such as methotrexate, retinoids, dapsone, thalidomide and lenalidomide are recommended in refractory cases. Biological therapies, including belimumab and anifrolumab, are approved in the setting of SLE. Promising results from recent trials of targeted therapies including inhibitors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, TLR7\/8 and TYK2 are paving the way for novel treatment strategies in CLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.70186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:49:59Z","timestamp":1764665399000},"page":"782-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Update on cutaneous lupus erythematosus pathogenesis, diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Chasset","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Allergology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tenon Hospital, and INSERM U1135, CIMI Sorbonne University  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Teboul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Allergology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tenon Hospital Sorbonne University  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310370046","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: common and different features in distinct subsets","volume":"19","author":"Wenzel J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2013.07.008","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Okon LG","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.39","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2","author":"Kaul A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1000 patients. 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