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To date, little evidence exists that several different components of colour elaboration are condition dependent and no direct evidence exists that different ornamental components are affected by different sources of variation. For example, in carotenoid\u2010based plumage colouration, one of the best\u2010known condition\u2010dependent ornaments, colour elaboration stems from both condition\u2010dependent pigment concentration and structural components. Some environmental flexibility of these components has been suggested, but specifically which and how they are affected remains unknown. Here, we tested whether multiple colour components may be condition dependent, by using a comprehensive 3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 experimental design, in which we carotenoid supplemented and immune challenged great tit nestlings (<jats:italic>Parus major<\/jats:italic>) and quantified effects on different components of colouration. Plumage colouration was affected by an interaction between carotenoid availability and immune challenge. Path analyses showed that carotenoid supplementation increased plumage saturation via feather carotenoid concentration and via mechanisms unrelated to carotenoid deposition, while immune challenge affected feather length, but not carotenoid concentration. Thus, independent condition\u2010dependent pathways, affected by different sources of variation, determine colour elaboration. This provides opportunities for the evolution of multiple signals within components of ornamental traits. This finding indicates that the selective forces shaping the evolution of different components of a composite trait and the trait's signal content may be more complex than believed so far, and that holistic approaches are required for drawing comprehensive evolutionary conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]],"date-time":"2013-01-17T18:13:03Z","timestamp":1358446383000},"page":"635-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Independent sources of condition dependency and multiple pathways determine a composite trait: lessons from carotenoid\u2010based plumage colouration"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Romero\u2010Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN\u2010CSIC) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Richner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Granado\u2010Lorencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Vitaminas Servicio de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro\u2010Majadahonda Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Tschirren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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