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Specifically, we used replicate experimental introductions in nature to consider how release from a key parasite (<jats:italic>Gyrodactylus<\/jats:italic>) generates similar or different defence evolution in male vs. female guppies (<jats:italic>Poecilia reticulata<\/jats:italic>). After 4\u20138 generations of evolution, guppies were collected from the ancestral (parasite still present) and derived (parasite now absent) populations and bred for two generations in the laboratory to control for nongenetic effects. These F2 guppies were then individually infected with <jats:italic>Gyrodactylus,<\/jats:italic> and infection dynamics were monitored on each fish. We found that parasite release in nature led to sex\u2010specific evolutionary responses: males did not show much evolution of resistance, whereas females showed the evolution of increased resistance. Given that male guppies in the ancestral population had greater resistance to <jats:italic>Gyrodactylus<\/jats:italic> than did females, evolution in the derived populations led to reduction of sexual dimorphism in resistance. We argue that previous selection for high resistance in males constrained (relative to females) further evolution of the trait. We advocate more experiments considering sex\u2010specific evolutionary responses to environmental change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T17:09:10Z","timestamp":1441904950000},"page":"23-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Parting ways: parasite release in nature leads to sex\u2010specific evolution of defence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Dargent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology McGill University Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Rolshausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redpath Museum McGill University Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. P.","family":"Hendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redpath Museum McGill University Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. E.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host\u2010Parasite Interactions McGill University Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. 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