{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:43:18Z","timestamp":1740109398646,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]],"date-time":"2017-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Evolutionary Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the magnitude and long\u2010term patterns of selection in natural populations is of importance, for example, when analysing the evolutionary impact of climate change. We estimated univariate and multivariate directional, quadratic and correlational selection on four morphological traits (adult wing, tarsus and tail length, body mass) over a time period of 33\u00a0years (\u2248 19\u00a0000 observations) in a nest\u2010box breeding population of collared flycatchers (<jats:italic>Ficedula albicollis<\/jats:italic>). In general, selection was weak in both males and females over the years regardless of fitness measure (fledged young, recruits and survival) with only few cases with statistically significant selection. When data were analysed in a multivariate context and as time series, a number of patterns emerged; there was a consistent, but weak, selection for longer wings in both sexes, selection was stronger on females when the number of fledged young was used as a fitness measure, there were no indications of sexually antagonistic selection, and we found a negative correlation between selection on tarsus and wing length in both sexes but using different fitness measures. Uni\u2010 and multivariate selection gradients were correlated only for wing length and mass. Multivariate selection gradient vectors were longer than corresponding vector of univariate gradients and had more constrained direction. Correlational selection had little importance. Overall, the fitness surface was more or less flat with few cases of significant curvature, indicating that the adaptive peak with regard to body size in this species is broader than the phenotypic distribution, which has resulted in weak estimates of selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]],"date-time":"2017-05-15T06:46:44Z","timestamp":1494830804000},"page":"1386-1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Subtle but ubiquitous selection on body size in a natural population of collared flycatchers over 33\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5436-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Bj\u00f6rklund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Norbyv\u00e4gen 18D 752 36 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Norbyv\u00e4gen 18D 752 36 Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284548"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01237727"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.835"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378905"},{"volume-title":"The Analysis of Time 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