{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:10:20Z","timestamp":1791389420416,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Evolutionary Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pollinators and herbivores can both affect the evolutionary diversification of plant reproductive traits. However, plant defences frequently alter antagonistic and mutualistic interactions, and therefore, variation in plant defences may alter patterns of herbivore\u2010 and pollinator\u2010mediated selection on plant traits. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a common garden field experiment using 50 clonal genotypes of white clover (<jats:italic>Trifolium repens<\/jats:italic>) that varied in a Mendelian\u2010inherited chemical antiherbivore defence\u2014the production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). To evaluate whether plant defences alter herbivore\u2010 and\/or pollinator\u2010mediated selection, we factorially crossed chemical defence (25 cyanogenic and 25 acyanogenic genotypes), herbivore damage (herbivore suppression) and pollination (hand pollination). We found that herbivores weakened selection for increased inflorescence production, suggesting that large displays are costly in the presence of herbivores. In addition, herbivores weakened selection on flower size but only among acyanogenic plants, suggesting that plant defences reduce the strength of herbivore\u2010mediated selection. Pollinators did not independently affect selection on any trait, although pollinators weakened selection for later flowering among cyanogenic plants. Overall, cyanogenic plant defences consistently increased the strength of positive directional selection on reproductive traits. Herbivores and pollinators both strengthened and weakened the strength of selection on reproductive traits, although herbivores imposed ~2.7\u00d7 stronger selection than pollinators across all traits. Contrary to the view that pollinators are the most important agents of selection on reproductive traits, our data show that selection on reproductive traits is driven primarily by variation in herbivory and plant defences in this system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T14:52:32Z","timestamp":1539960752000},"page":"4-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Herbivores and plant defences affect selection on plant reproductive traits more strongly than pollinators"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5921-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James S.","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1487-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Centre &amp; Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc T. J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"The ecological significance of toxic nectar","volume":"3","author":"Adler L. S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/05-0118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301421110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1973.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/03-8024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2006.01179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2259979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00385261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01794.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011613-162049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1997.10030327.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02354.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1958.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1965.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2259867"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2259868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1964.tb01674.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/an9669100282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.129.3361.1466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb04478.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Soil allelochemicals","author":"Gleadow R.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/130.1.195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1991.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426714"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00397342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00292324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.1997.46.2.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00680.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01426390306531"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1999)080[0125:TCOFHF]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1983.tb00236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1987.tb02457.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[0030:FIOHTI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1044-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.080366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03506.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.5.12.14113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Selection and covariance","volume":"225","author":"Price G. R.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated development for R","author":"RStudio Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020943313142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3671260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12174"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1554"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0119.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[1640:FCLHPA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1086\/285896","article-title":"Foliar herbivory affects floral characters and plant attractiveness to pollinators: Implications for male and female plant fitness","volume":"147","author":"Strauss S. Y.","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02483-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198570851.003.0007","volume-title":"Ecology and evolution of flowers","author":"Strauss S. Y.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0619.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0825.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1400171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12900"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Evolutionary Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjeb.13392","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jeb.13392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T15:30:41Z","timestamp":1720711841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jeb\/article\/32\/1\/4-18\/7326178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jeb.13392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeb.13392","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1010-061X","1420-9101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1010-061X","type":"print"},{"value":"1420-9101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-06-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}