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How and why parasitism is lost is aptly addressed by studying lampreys, because extant species include a range of feeding modes and parasitism has been lost repeatedly. An individual\u2010based model was developed to determine whether variations in survival and growth rates in the larval and juvenile stages could favour parasitic or nonparasitic strategies. A realization of the model for a <jats:italic>Lampetra<\/jats:italic> spp. population, a genus which includes parasitic and nonparasitic animals, indicated that both strategies could be successful. A different model realization of the nonparasitic species <jats:italic>Lethenteron appendix<\/jats:italic> also agreed with expectations, and only nonparasitic strategies were successful. Modelling anadromous <jats:italic>Petromyzon marinus<\/jats:italic> produced only parasitic animals, as expected, but suggested two different adult sizes should appear in the population, which has not been reported in the literature. Finally, a realization of an <jats:italic>Ichthyomyzon castaneus<\/jats:italic> population, known to be parasitic only, rarely selected for parasitism (<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>. 7% of model iterations), possibly because the population used to parameterize the model was unusual for the species. The results suggest that nonparasitic\u00a0lineages in lampreys are common because parasitism, while offering better growth, also has lower survival. Additionally, nonparasitic species may be generated at different rates because growth and survival thresholds in the model favouring parasitism are close to observed estimates in some populations. Loss of parasitism can occur when life stages have different trade\u2010offs in growth\u00a0and survivability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T11:20:16Z","timestamp":1556191216000},"page":"794-805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Parasitism offers large rewards but carries high risks: Predicting parasitic strategies under different life history conditions in lampreys"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY ESF Syracuse New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin E.","family":"Limburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY ESF Syracuse New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03389.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/187498312X620577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00005566"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2008.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(03)70493-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Bengtsson H. 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