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It is, however, difficult to quantify the fitness benefits of laterality because many organs, such as human hands, possess multimodal functions. Males of the earwig <jats:italic>Labidura riparia<\/jats:italic> (Insecta: Dermaptera: Labiduridae) have morphologically similar laterally paired penises, only one of which is used for inseminating the female during a single copulation bout, and thus provide a rare opportunity to address how selection pressure may shape the evolution of population\u2010level laterality. Our population studies revealed that in 10 populations, located at 2.23\u201343.3\u00b0 north, the right penis is predominantly used for copulating (88.6%). A damaged penis was found in 23% of rare left\u2010handers, suggesting that the left penis can function as a spare when the right one is damaged. By pairing <jats:italic>L.\u00a0riparia<\/jats:italic> females with surgically manipulated males, we found that males forced to use the right penis outperformed left\u2010handed males in copulation (the probability of establishing genital coupling during the 1\u2010hr observation period: odds ratio [OR] of 3.50) and insemination (probability of transferring a detectable amount of sperm: OR of 2.94). This right\u2010handed advantage may be due to the coiled morphology of the sperm storage organ with a right\u2010facing opening. Thus, female genital morphology may play a significant role in the evolution of handedness and may have acted as a driving force to reduce penis number in related taxa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T15:29:42Z","timestamp":1557761382000},"page":"844-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fitness advantages of the biased use of paired laterally symmetrical penises in an insect"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Kamimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Keio University Yokohama Japan"},{"name":"Urban Entomology Laboratory Vector Control Research Unit School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0967-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin\u2010Cheng Scotty","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program for Plant Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8279-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chow\u2010Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Entomology Laboratory Vector Control Research Unit School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203759646","volume-title":"Handedness and brain asymmetry: The right shift theory","author":"Annett M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286163"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Fitting linear models in R: Using the lme4 package","volume":"5","author":"Bates D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-017-0832-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-016-0794-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcz.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.2139"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00810282.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"D\u00e9couverte de sensilles dans le vagin de Labidura riparia Pallas (Dermaptere, Labiduridae)","volume":"7","author":"Brousse\u2010Gaury P.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annales des Sciences Naturelles \u2010 Zoologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/187631203788964935"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/000112517"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.109.1.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2007)539[1:FNFED]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2015.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27608"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10120739"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2669"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00085.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2001.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"Hadley A.(2008).Combine ZM imaging software. 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