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This assumption cannot be tested in organisms with highly differentiated sex chromosomes, such as mammals or birds, owing to the lack of polymorphism. Fixation of SA alleles, furthermore, might be the consequence rather than the cause of recombination arrest. Here we focus on a population of common frogs (<jats:italic>Rana temporaria<\/jats:italic>) where XY males with genetically differentiated Y chromosomes (nonrecombinant Y haplotypes) coexist with both XY\u00b0 males with proto\u2010Y chromosomes (only differentiated from X chromosomes in the immediate vicinity of the candidate sex\u2010determining locus <jats:italic>Dmrt1<\/jats:italic>) and XX males with undifferentiated sex chromosomes (genetically identical to XX females). Our study finds no effect of sex\u2010chromosome differentiation on male phenotype, mating success or fathering success. Our conclusions rejoin genomic studies that found no differences in gene expression between XY, XY\u00b0 and XX males. Sexual dimorphism in common frogs might result more from the differential expression of autosomal genes than from sex\u2010linked SA genes. Among\u2010male variance in sex\u2010chromosome differentiation seems better explained by a polymorphism in the penetrance of alleles at the sex locus, resulting in variable levels of sex reversal (and thus of X\u2010Y recombination in XY females), independent of sex\u2010linked SA genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,23]],"date-time":"2019-11-23T11:44:21Z","timestamp":1574509461000},"page":"401-409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["No evidence that Y\u2010chromosome differentiation affects male fitness in a Swiss population of common frogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8872-6281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paris","family":"Veltsos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1588-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen\u2010Juan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Sermier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Leuenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7756-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/674026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-006-9180-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1998119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9050264"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0330-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06517-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5441.964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.167.1.367"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D.(2017).sjPlot: Data visualization for statistics in social science. 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