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Trade\u2010offs between parasite mortality and host resources are likely to impose a selection pressure on parasite fecundity, but this is little studied in natural systems. The \u2018fecundity advantage hypothesis\u2019 predicts female\u2010biased sexual size dimorphism whereby larger females produce more offspring. Parasitic insects are useful for exploring the interplay between host resource availability and parasite fecundity, because female body size is a reliable proxy for fecundity in insects. Here we explore temporal changes in body size in the myiasis\u2010causing parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Philornis downsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Diptera: Muscidae) on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands under conditions of earlier in\u2010nest host mortality. We aim to investigate the effects of decreasing host resources on parasite body size and fecundity. Across a 12\u2010year period, we observed a mean of\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 17%\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0downsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    mortality in host nests with 55\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.2% host mortality and a trend of\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 66% higher host mortality throughout the study period. Using specimens from 116 Darwin's finch nests (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) and 114 traps, we found that over time,\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0downsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    pupae mass decreased by\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 32%, and male (\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 6%) and female adult size (\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 11%) decreased. Notably, females had\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 26% smaller abdomens in later years, and female abdomen size was correlated with number of eggs. Our findings imply natural selection for faster\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0downsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    pupation and consequently smaller body size and lower parasite fecundity in this newly evolving host\u2013parasite system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T09:07:23Z","timestamp":1579597643000},"page":"524-533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evidence for rapid downward fecundity selection in an ectoparasite (\n                    <i>Philornis downsi<\/i>\n                    ) with earlier host mortality in Darwin\u2019s finches"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren K.","family":"Common","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7044-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jody A.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Department for Environment and Water Government of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-6808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael Y.","family":"Dudaniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina J.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5130-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Kleindorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Konrad Lorenz Research Center for Behaviour and Cognition and Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11956860.1994.11682244"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/393620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saw102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Size, function, and life history","author":"Calder W. 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