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Theory suggests that sex determination is expected to relate to sexual size dimorphism, because environmental sex determination promotes sex\u2010specific developmental bias in embryonic growth rates. Furthermore, selection for larger size in one sex or the other has been proposed to drive the evolution of different genetic sex determination systems. Here, we investigate whether sex determination systems relate to adult sexual size dimorphism, using 250 species of reptiles (Squamata, Testudines and Crocodylia) representing 26 families. Using phylogenetically informed analyses, we find that sexual size dimorphism is associated with sex determination: species with TSDIa sex determination (i.e. in which the proportion of female offspring increases with incubation temperature) have more female\u2010biased size dimorphism than species with TSDII (i.e. species in which males are produced at mid temperatures). We also found a trend that species with TSD ancestors had more male\u2010biased size dimorphism in XY sex chromosome systems than in ZW sex chromosome systems. Taken together, our results support the prediction that sexual size dimorphism is linked to sex\u2010dependent developmental variations caused by environmental factors and also by sex chromosomes. Since the extent of size dimorphism is related to various behavioural, ecological and life\u2010history differences between sexes, our results imply profound impacts of sex determination systems for vertebrate diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T23:21:10Z","timestamp":1613604070000},"page":"594-603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Are evolutionary transitions in sexual size dimorphism related to sex determination in reptiles?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2889-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gergely","family":"Katona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0469-6784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"V\u00e1gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2804-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"V\u00e9gv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological Research, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network Danube Research Institute Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut M\u00fcncheberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Liker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTA\u2010PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group University of Pannonia Veszpr\u00e9m Hungary"},{"name":"Behavioural Ecology Research Group Center for Natural Sciences University of Pannonia Veszpr\u00e9m Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert P.","family":"Freckleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2136-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"B\u00f3kony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lend\u00fclet Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2093-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Sz\u00e9kely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary"},{"name":"Milner Centre for Evolution University of Bath Bath UK"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199657148.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1386-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/266828a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-020-01671-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in reptiles.Chapter 4 in Sex, Size and Gender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size Dimorphism","author":"Cox R. 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