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This diversity extends to their chromosome complements, both to autosomes and to sex chromosomes. In this contribution, we will review what is currently known about sex chromosomes in this group, both from cytogenetic and from genomic evidence. The X and Y chromosomes in Neotropical Primates, also known as New World Monkeys, have striking structural differences compared with Old World Monkeys when Catarrhini sex chromosomes are considered. The XY bivalent displays a different meiotic behaviour in prophase I, and their Y chromosome shows extensive genomic differences. Even though the most widespread sex chromosome system is the XX\/XY and thus considered the ancestral one for Platyrrhini, modifications of this sexual system are observed within this group. Multiple sex chromosome systems originated from Y\u2010autosome translocations were described in several genera (<jats:italic>Aotus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Callimico<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Alouatta<\/jats:italic>). In the howler monkeys, genus<jats:italic>Alouatta<\/jats:italic>, an independent origin of the sexual systems in South American and Mesoamerican species was postulated. All the above\u2010mentioned evidence suggests that the Y chromosome of Platyrrhini has a different evolutionary history compared with the Catarrhini Y. There is still much to understand regarding their sex chromosome systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.14039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T17:30:05Z","timestamp":1655919005000},"page":"1589-1600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sex chromosome systems in Neotropical Primates: What have we learnt so far from cytogenetics and genomics?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana Ruth","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva (GIBE). Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN) Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0191-6518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Bressa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Citogen\u00e9tica de Insectos. Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN) Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4040-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Dolores","family":"Mudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva (GIBE). Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN) Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004120050303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350130306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000071584"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0796-336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.128.3317.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000129790"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199657148.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)42:4<289::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2012.01810.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000070647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.275274.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.237586.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21509-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/3.suppl_1.1449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.11.5618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02263675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:2<119::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Primate societies","author":"Crockett C.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.62015\/np.1995.v3.303","article-title":"Chromosomal variation in Alouatta fusca","volume":"3","author":"Oliveira E. 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