{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:20:24Z","timestamp":1777036824325,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":171,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral programme Interfaces pour le vivant (IPV) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Extant amniotes show remarkable postural diversity. Broadly speaking, limbs with erect (strongly adducted, more vertically oriented) posture are found in mammals that are particularly heavy (graviportal) or show good running skills (cursorial), while crouched (highly flexed) limbs are found in taxa with more generalized locomotion. In Reptilia, crocodylians have a \u201csemi-erect\u201d (somewhat adducted) posture, birds have more crouched limbs and lepidosaurs have sprawling (well-abducted) limbs. Both synapsids and reptiles underwent a postural transition from sprawling to more erect limbs during the Mesozoic Era. In Reptilia, this postural change is prominent among archosauriforms in the Triassic Period. However, limb posture in many key Triassic taxa remains poorly known. In Synapsida, the chronology of this transition is less clear, and competing hypotheses exist. On land, the limb bones are subject to various stresses related to body support that partly shape their external and internal morphology. Indeed, bone trabeculae (lattice-like bony struts that form the spongy bone tissue) tend to orient themselves along lines of force. Here, we study the link between femoral posture and the femoral trabecular architecture using phylogenetic generalized least squares. We show that microanatomical parameters measured on bone cubes extracted from the femoral head of a sample of amniote femora depend strongly on body mass, but not on femoral posture or lifestyle. We reconstruct ancestral states of femoral posture and various microanatomical parameters to study the \u201csprawling-to-erect\u201d transition in reptiles and synapsids, and obtain conflicting results. We tentatively infer femoral posture in several hypothetical ancestors using phylogenetic flexible discriminant analysis from maximum likelihood estimates of the microanatomical parameters. In general, the trabecular network of the femoral head is not a good indicator of femoral posture. However, ancestral state reconstruction methods hold great promise for advancing our understanding of the evolution of posture in amniotes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Abstract<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We use 3D microanatomical parameters measured at the femoral head to study femoral posture in amniotes. We show that these parameters are not good indicators of femoral posture. Methods of ancestral state reconstruction hold great promise for improving our understanding of the evolution of posture in amniotes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.14187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T17:15:08Z","timestamp":1687799708000},"page":"1150-1165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evolution of posture in amniotes\u2013Diving into the trabecular architecture of the femoral head"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9306-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"G\u00f4net","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche en pal\u00e9ontologie \u2013 Paris, UMR 7207 Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2974-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Laurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche en pal\u00e9ontologie \u2013 Paris, UMR 7207 Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2024012019385221600_jeb14187-bib-0001","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image processing with ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophotonics International"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024012019385221600_jeb14187-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-017-0241-x","article-title":"Trabecular architecture in the forelimb epiphyses of extant xenarthrans (Mammalia)","volume":"14","author":"Amson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Zoology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024012019385221600_jeb14187-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.2307\/2406945","article-title":"Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals","volume":"25","author":"Bakker","year":"1971","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2024012019385221600_jeb14187-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2020.08.003","article-title":"The origin of endothermy in synapsids and archosaurs and arms races in the Triassic","volume":"100","author":"Benton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gondwana Research"},{"issue":"4984","key":"2024012019385221600_jeb14187-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2251499","article-title":"Biomechanics of mammalian terrestrial locomotion","volume":"250","author":"Biewener","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024012019385221600_jeb14187-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(96)00116-0","article-title":"Adaptive changes in trabecular architecture in relation to functional strain patterns and disuse","volume":"19","author":"Biewener","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024012019385221600_jeb14187-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1017\/pab.2020.47","article-title":"Relationships of mass properties and body proportions to locomotor habit in terrestrial Archosauria","volume":"46","author":"Bishop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"2024012019385221600_jeb14187-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5778","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5778","article-title":"Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. 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