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A random effects model was used to pool the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 125 studies (91 observational studies, 34 RCTs) were included. Meta\u2010analyses of observational studies revealed that three preparation\u2010related factors, namely, characteristics of last stool (solid or brown liquid), incomplete preparation intake, and incorrect diet restriction, were strong predictors of IBP. The other factors were moderately correlated with IBP incidence, including demographic variables (age, body mass index, male sex, Medicaid insurance, and current smoking), comorbidities (diabetes, liver cirrhosis, psychiatric disease, Parkinson's disease, previous IBP, poor mobility, inpatient, and Bristol stool form 1\/2), medications (tricyclic antidepressants, opioids, antidepressants, narcotics, antipsychotics, and calcium channel blockers), and preparation\u2010related factors (preparation\u2010to\u2010colonoscopy interval not within 3 to 5\/6\u00a0h, nonsplit preparation, and preparation instructions not followed). No colonoscopy indications were found to be related to IBP. Meta\u2010analyses of RCTs showed that education, constipation, stroke\/dementia, and discomfort during preparation were also moderately associated with IBP. Most of the other findings were consistent with the pooled results of observational studies. However, primarily due to imprecision and inconsistency, the certainty of evidence for most factors was very low to moderate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We summarized five categories of risk factors for IBP. Compared to demographic variables, comorbidities, medications, and colonoscopy indications, preparation\u2010related elements were more strongly associated with IBP. These findings may help clinicians identify high\u2010risk individuals and provide guidance for IBP prevention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T09:43:59Z","timestamp":1713865439000},"page":"341-350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation before colonoscopy: A meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialun","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of 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