{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:02:23Z","timestamp":1789488143842,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Evidence Based Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although basic research and observational clinical studies have shown an association between vascular calcification (VC) and heart failure (HF), the low level of evidence cannot directly indicate a causal relationship, and no Mendelian randomization (MR) study has been conducted to explore the relationship between VC and HF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study used bidirectional, multivariable, and mediation MR to comprehensively analyze the associations between different VC subtypes and HF as well as its subtypes from multiple perspectives. Accessible genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) data of VC were included, covering coronary artery calcification (CAC), abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). Accessible public GWAS data of HF were also included, covering overall heart failure (HFall), ischemic heart failure (IHF), non\u2010ischemic heart failure (ni\u2010HF) recently published in\n                      <jats:italic>Nature Genetics<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and GWAS data of ni\u2010HF with reduced ejection fraction (ni\u2010HFrEF) and ni\u2010HF with preserved ejection fraction (ni\u2010HFpEF) which were classified based on ejection fraction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After sensitivity analysis and multiple correction, the following findings were obtained: (1) VC significantly increases the risk of HF. Specifically, CAC, AAC, and CAVS all significantly increase the risks of HFall and IHF; only CAVS is associated with an increased risk of ni\u2010HF, while CAC and AAC have no impact on ni\u2010HF; VC has no impact on ni\u2010HFrEF or ni\u2010HFpEF. (2) HF also promotes the progression of VC, indicating a bidirectional causal relationship between the two. Specifically, HFall and IHF significantly increase the risks of CAC and AAC; IHF increases the risk of CAVS; no reverse causal relationship is found between ni\u2010HF (including its subtypes) and VC. (3) After two\u2010step MR and multivariable MR correction, atrial fibrillation (AF) is found to partially mediate the causal effect of CAVS on HFall, with a mediation proportion of 21.65%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals a bidirectional causal relationship between VC and HF through two\u2010sample bidirectional MR, suggesting that early detection and management of VC are conducive to the prevention and treatment of HF, especially in high\u2010risk populations such as those with ischemic heart disease. Controlling HF also helps delay the progression of VC and improve vascular status, which is the cornerstone of the prognosis of various cardiovascular diseases. Mediation analysis identifies AF as an important mediating factor, suggesting that screening and intervention of AF may be the key link to block the \u201cVC \u2192 AF \u2192 HF\u201d pathway, providing new genetic evidence for the prevention and treatment of HF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.70124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T18:29:11Z","timestamp":1771698551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vascular Calcification and Heart Failure: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization and Mediation Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yajie","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences  Beijing 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